Intellectual property patenting systems

Substantial progresses are made at INER in MEA, stack, and power system developments. Innovative inventions of the intellectual property/patents have been granted from Taiwan, Japan, the USA and European Union. Establishments of strong capability and firmed facilities both hardware and software will facilitate the industrial development on SOFC technology. Nevertheless, continuous improvements are required to make the SOFC become commercially viable with high reliability, longevity, and low cost. The conclusions are described as follows ... 

The future price of ionic liquids will also reflect intellectual property considerations. While the currently most frequently requested ionic liquids, the tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids, are all patent-free, many recently developed, new ionic liquid systems are protected by state of matter patents. Table 2.2-2 gives an overview of some examples published after 1999. 

In 1790 the formal U.S. Patent system was founded. Since that time the U.S. Patent Office has undergone numerous changes that have generally improved legal protection for intellectual property owned by individual citizens. 

The requirements for regulatory approval and intellectual property management, and in particular the ability to file USPTO patent submissions, do place constraints on what systems can be applied for record keeping, but the good news is that there are no insurmountable barriers to these records being captured and managed electronically. 

There are really only three possible routes (1) use the commercial market through the patent system to determine the rewards to the innovator, (2) base rewards to innovators on therapeutic benefits, and (3) do not bother measuring at all. Option (1) is the patent system, but this functions poorly for neglected diseases. Advanced Purchase Commitments use option (2) in a half-hearted way, as I describe below. A system of Transferable Intellectual Property Rights, described below, uses option (3). The key issue is that in the absence of meaningful measurement of health impacts, it is necessary to base rewards only on commercial success, and that is not consistent with a mission to improve the health of the poor. 

Two characteristics of vaccine markets make prizes an attractive incentive system. Vaccines create a large social value that firms cannot fully appropriate, and this social value can be calculated ex ante. When aggregate deadweight loss is the primary concern and the social value of an invention is verifiable (as is likely for vaccines), prizes maybe preferable to an intellectual property system (Maurer and Scotchmer 2004). Unlike under the patent system, the number of participants and the potential duplication of effort can be altered with the size of the prize. Additionally, if social value is expected to be much higher than costs, a prize can be set lower than social value. 

An agency of the United Nations with the goal of developing a system of intellectual property that protects the rights of patent developers and promotes the public interest. 

Kittrell, C. 8c Feld, M.S. Catheter System for Imaging World Intellectual Property Organization Patent Cooperation Treaty International Application WO 89/02718 Assigned to Massachusetts Institute of Technology Filed in 1988. Priority Number US 100714 (1987). 

As the patent system harmonizes and more countries recognize the importance of patenting intellectual property, the value of patents grows. This leads to more people and companies seeking patents for even the most abstruse and maybe bizarre inventions. Patents issued by the U.S. Patent Office can be viewed in some large libraries or on the Web at www.uspto.gov. The following patents indicate there are no limits to human imagination ... 

The converse of this situation also applies. The company should have a system in place, usually assigned to R D, which thoroughly checks its own proposed new products and processes, to ensure that it will not infringe somebody else s intellectual property once they are commercialised. If there are conflicting patent rights then a licence to operate will need to be sought from the inventors. 

Supplementary Material 1. A graphical survey of the application of isatin in the synthesis of other heterocyclic systems is presented in Supplementary Material 2 and Supplementary Material 3 is a summary of metal complexes and some organometallic derivatives of isatin. These supplementary materials are available at www.sbq.org.br. The databases used for the preparation of this review were Chemical Abstracts, MEDLINE (www.healthgate.com), Beilstein (chemweb.com), Web of Science ISIS (webofscience.fapesp.br) and the IBM intellectual property network (www.patents.ibm.com). 

The benefits of nasally delivered products are their rapid onset of action under avoidance of gastrointestinal breakdown and first-pass metabolism. Furthermore, nasal drugs can be administered at a lower dose, which also means fewer side effects. Other benefits include economical reasons, such as the extensions of patents and intellectual property rights, the economic efficiency of fhe healfhcare systems, and of course, patient compliance. 

There are a number of other regional patent application systems in operation. In Africa, two regional systems operate the African Regional Industrial Property Organization (ARIPO), formed in 1976, and the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI), formed in 1962. These systems have 11 and 15 member states, respectively. In the Middle East, the Gulf Cooperation Treaty operate to provide protection in six countries (for example, Saudi Arabia and The United Arab Emirates), and the Eurasian Patent System operates to provide protection in nine countries of the former Soviet Union, including Russia. 

Anyone applying for a patent at the national or international level is required to determine whether their creation is new or is already owned or claimed. To determine this, huge amounts of information must be searched. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization s (WIPO) International Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) have created classification systems which organize information concerning inventions into indexed, manageable categories for easy retrieval. 

The security of documents from an intellectual property (IP) standpoint is at the very least questionable. This applies particularly to patent relevant fields. According to U.S. patent policy, the date of invention is relevant for deciding who is the patent owner. This is different, for instance, from the European patent policy, where the date of filing the patent with the European Patent Office constitutes the patent ownership. However, creating documents on a local file system does usually not ensure the appropriate time stamp and does not allow applying electronic signatures, both of which are necessary for patent relevant documentation. 

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