Patent policy

Patent policy One very important aspect of pharmaceutical policy is the protection given by patents to new drags. Patents can be overprotective, causing detriment to consumers in the form of excessively high prices, or underprotective, destroying the pharmaceutical companies incentives to develop R D policies. Should/can economic evaluation play a part in this ... 

FIGURE 1.6 Patent policy as a balance of competing interests. 

Given the important implications of patent policy in view of die balance of interests just discussed, it... 

Weitzner, D. J. 2004. W3C Patent Policy. Available at http //www.w3.org/Consortium/ Patent-Policy/. 

Hoffman has produced a medicine indisputably beneficial to mankind-something new in a useful art, such as our patent policy was intended to promote. Kraut and his contemporaries, on the other hand, had produced only, at best, a chemical compound in an impure state. And it makes no difference, so far as patentability is concerned, that the medicine thus produced is lifted out of a mass that contained, chemically, the compound for, though the difference between Hoffman and Kraut be one of purification only—strictly marking the line, however, where one is therapeutically available and the others were therapeutically unavailable-patentability would follow. In one case, the mass is made to yield something to the useful arts in the other what is yielded is chiefly interesting as a fact in chemical learning. ... 

As far as the subject allows, only the general principles will be outlined which apply to patents in the field of biomedical products, rather than dealing with specific cases (as the interpretation of their patentability changes with time). For practical reasons emphasis will be laid on the patent policies of the European Patent Organization (EPO) and of the USA, since these are most advanced in this field and strongly influence other countries policies. Patents are usually applied first in the USA in in EPO countries, as they represent major markets. Important deviations from the EPO s or USA s policies in other countries will be mentioned and summarized where necessary. Alternatives to patents will also be briefly discussed. 

Oxfam briefing paper 4. 2001. Priced out of reach. How WTO patent policies will reduce access to medicines in the developing world. Oxfam. 

Unlike commercial entities, university licensors do not always retain 100% of the royalty received from licensing an invention. Royalty payments received by university licensors from commercial firms may have to be divided with the inventor pursuant to the requirements of Federal law or the university s internal patent policy. 

The security of documents from an intellectual property (IP) standpoint is at the very least questionable. This applies particularly to patent relevant fields. According to U.S. patent policy, the date of invention is relevant for deciding who is the patent owner. This is different, for instance, from the European patent policy, where the date of filing the patent with the European Patent Office constitutes the patent ownership. However, creating documents on a local file system does usually not ensure the appropriate time stamp and does not allow applying electronic signatures, both of which are necessary for patent relevant documentation. 

We are certain that everyone will agree with these eight general characteristics of a desirable government patent policy. But I am certain that everyone recognizes that achieving all of those goals in a balanced way will be most difficult. 

Thus the early conceptions of the Energy Research and Development Administration s programs included liberal use of demonstration plants to reduce technological and market uncertainties. Additionally, flexible patent policies were granted the agency to permit incentives for commercialization to be tailored to specific technological and market conditions. 

The bulk of PHS technology transfer activity occurs at nih. Although the Patent Policy Board and OTT are located at NIH, they now also recommend policy and administer CRADAs, patents, and licenses for ADAMHA and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC),the other PHS agencies with technology transfer activities. 

CRADA subcommittee of the Patent Policy Board must approve the CRADA before it is signed by the institute director and the private collaborator. Preference is given to CRADAs involving small businesses arid firms that agree to manufacture substantially in the United States any inventions developed through CRADAs. Box 9-C describes two recent CRADAs. 

According to the PHS Policy Statement on CRADAs and intellectual property licensing, In certain areas of research, e.g., where the Government has the intellectual lead or where both scientific and commercialization capabilities are deemed essential at the outset, NIH/ADAMHA may competitively seek a collaborator through Federal Register notification. The Patent Policy Board has left to each institute the decision of when to publish in the Federal Register (486). 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration, Office of Technology Transfer, Patent Policy Board, Materials Transfer Agreement (Bethesda, MD National Institutes of Health, May 22, 1989). 

Six bills became law, including two authorizations of funds for NASA, a technical amendment on real estate for NASA, amendments to the National Science Foundation Act, an authorization for the World Sciences-Pan Pacific Exposition in Seattle, and an act establishing a National Medal of Science. Published studies ranged in. concern from space and missiles to ground effects machines, and from scientific manpower and education to federal patent policies. As the author, I am pleased that our best seller last year was the study on research in CBR. 

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