Institute Engineers

Figure 2-12A. Resistance coefficients for fittings. Reprinted by permission, Hydraulic Institute, Engineering Data Book, 1st Ed., 1979, Cleveland, Ohio.

Reprinted by permission Hydraulic Institute, Engineering Data Handbook,... 

OSHA requires employers of workers who are occupationally exposed to a toxic or hazardous substance to institute engineering controls and work practices that maintain or reduce their exposure to a level that is at or below the permissible exposure limit (PEL) established for the substance. For occupational exposures to lead, the employer must use engineering controls and work practices to achieve an occupational exposure of 50 pg/nr3 (0.006 ppm) or lower, based on an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) (OSHA 1995). When employee exposures to lead can not be maintained at or below 50 pg/rn3... 

OSHA requires employers of workers who are occupationally exposed to -hexane to institute engineering controls and work practices to reduce and maintain employee exposure at or below permissible exposure limits (PELs). The employer must use controls and practices, if feasible, to reduce exposure to or below an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) of 500 ppm (1,800 mg/m3) (OSHA 1974). The PEL for -hexane was to have been lowered to 50 ppm in 1989 however, a U S. Court of Appeals decision overturned a number of PELs promulgated in 1989, including that for -hexane. The PEL in force prior to this decision (500 ppm) is currently in effect. 

OSHA requires employers of workers who are occupationally exposed to 1,3-DNB to institute engineering controls and work practices to reduce and maintain employee exposure at or below... 

Battelle Memorial Institute, Engineering Properties oj Selected Ceramic Materials, American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1966. 

OSHA requires employers of workers who are occupationally exposed to 2-butoxyethanol to institute engineering controls and work practices to reduce employee exposure and maintain it at or below pennissible exposure limits (PEL). The PEL for 2-butoxyethanol is 50 ppm (OSHA 1974). Workers exposed to 2-butoxyethanol should wear personal protective equipment such as gloves, coveralls, and goggles to protect exposure to tire skin (OSHA 1974). NIOSH recommends that industrial hygiene surveys be completed at work places where airborne exposure to 2-butoxyethanol or 2-butoxyethanol acetate may occur (NIOSH 1990). If exposure levels are at or above one-half the recommended exposure limit (REL = 5 ppm), NIOSH recommends that a program of personal monitoring be instituted so that tlie exposure of each worker can be estimated. If exposure levels are at or greater than the REL, or if there is a potential for skin contact, NIOSH recommends that 2-butoxyacetic acid be measured in the urine of the workers. 

Viewed from this perspective, the technical successes of Italy s mobilization, like Italy s wartime exercises in institutional engineering , look like performances of elites dancing on the quicksand of under-development. In this sense, the Italian case invites us to consider that broad social and institutional factors such as literacy rates, and the circulation of scientific and technological information in the culture at large, must be included in any final assessment of the performance of the Italian national system , whether during the war or afterwards. 

Institute engineering and work practice controls to eliminate health hazards [29 CFR 1926.55, 29 CFR 1926.103,... 

Your employer is required to assure that no employee is exposed to lead in excess of the PEL as an 8-hour TWA. The interim final standard for lead in construction requires employers to institute engineering and work practice controls including administrative controls to the extent feasible to reduce employee exposure to lead. Where such controls are feasible but not adequate to reduce exposures below the PEL they must be used nonetheless to reduce exposures to the lowest level that can be accomplished by these means and then supplemented with appropriate respiratory protedion. 

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