Measurement and inspection

This type of work is not an exact science. Consequently, other inspection and measurement methods are employed as an aid in identifying corrosion, deposition buildup, structural integrity flaws, and other types of problems. Methods employed generally are various types of NDT, and the protocols are widely used in preventive or predictive PV maintenance programs, especially for boiler plants used in continuous process applications, where a shutdown may be several years hence. Nevertheless, there is a drawback to the use of some types of NDT programs in that lengthy downtimes may be necessary to complete the testing work. Clearly, these can be cost-prohibitive. 

The equipment used for inspection and measurement/test equipment is identified by number or serial number (as necessary). 

Fig. 5 AuNPs immobilized on planar-waveguide structures not only for transmission absorption spectroscopy, but also for visual inspection and measurement of scattered intensity at a 0° geometry from the waveguide surface...

Braggins, Don. 3-D Inspection and Measurement Solid Choices for Industrial Vision Advanced Imaging (October 1994) 3 39. 

Routine production checks are tests, inspections, and measurements performed during the course of production, including finishing, which ensure that the end product will comply with the corresponding quality standard. 

Svetkoff, D., Rohrer, D., Doss, B., Kelley, R., and Jeddmcius, A. (1989), A High Speed 3-D Imager for Inspection and Measurement of Miniature Industrial Parts, in SME Vision 89 Conference Proceedings, (Chicago), pp. 10.1-10.9. 

The aluminum alloys used in this investigation and their history and chemical analyses are listed in Table I. The materials were tested in the "as-received" condition without further heat treatment or working. The tensile specimens used in this investigation are shown in Fig. 1. All tensile specimens were inspected and individually measured for area determination. Notched specimens were inspected and measured by means of an optical comparator and all specimens out of tolerance were rejected. The stress concentration factor, as determined by [(V2 width between notches)/(radius of the notch) s 6.3 with tolerance limits of 5.7 to 7.1. 

Permit entry upon designated land or other property in the possession or control of the party upon whom the request is served for the purpose of inspection and measuring, photographing, testing, or for other purposes as stated in paragraph (a)(1). 

Molders Division of The Society of Plastics Industry (SPI) has developed cosmetic specifications of injection-molded parts. The purpose of this standard is to provide quantitative definitions and recommended methods of inspection and measurement of the cosmetic quality attributes in the absence of customer provided specifications. The specification addresses the cosmetic quality of molded plastic parts and related post-molding activities. Figure 16-12h shows one of the cosmetic specifications. 

The corrosion inspection and wall thickness measurement of pipes was performed in the classical way both on film and on the monitor using simple software measuring tools. Additionally algorithms were developed for an interactive, computer supported evaluation. 

Projection radiography is widely used for pipe inspection and corrosion monitoring. Film digitisation allows a direct access to the local density variations by computer software. Following to a calibration step an interactive estimation of local wall thickness change based on the obtained density variation is possible. The theoretical model is discussed, the limitations of the application range are shown and examples of the practical use are given. The accuracy of this method is compared to results from wall thickness measurements with ultrasonic devices. 

Projection radiography has long been used for pipe inspection and corrosion monitoring. In this traditional tangential wall thickness estimation the distance of border lines of the projected wall shadows of a pipe onto the film is a direct measure for the wall thickness. This method is not considered here, newer developments can be found in / /. 

Speckle shearing interferometry, or shearography, is a full field optical inspection teclmique that may be used for the nondestructive detection of surface and, sometimes, subsurface defects. Whilst being more sensitive in the detection of surface defects, it may also be considered for pipe inspection and the monitoring of internal conoslon. In contrast, laser ultrasound and other forms of ultrasound, are point by point measurement techniques, so that scanning facilities and significant data processing is required before information on local defects is extracted from any examination of extensive areas [1 - 3]. 

CTB 8006-93 State metrological surveillance and inspection of measuring procedures... 

In order to maintain Class and to comply with international legislation a ship must undergo surveys at prescribed intervals. Ships such as tankers and bulk carriers must comply with International Maritime Organisation resolutions which require a Class Enhanced Survey Programme. This programme includes Special Surveys at five yearly intervals with close-up visual inspection and thickness measurements to be made at specified locations, the number of which increases with the age of the ship. 

Laser-based profilometry systems have also been applied for nondestructive testing and measurement of both smooth-bore and rifled gun tubes. Working through Small Business Innovation Research program, the U.S. Army has developed laser-based profilometry systems for the inspection of the 120mm cannon used on the MI-Al Abrams main battle tank. Systems have also been built to measure the erosion of 25 mm and 155 mm rifled gun tubes. 

Other examples of government and military applications of laser-based profilometry include the evaluation of rocket thruster nozzles to locate and measure flame erosion remote inspection of hypervelocity test track and the measurement of sludge deposits on tube internal surfaces. 

Grading, Measuring, and Shipping. Prior to shipment each hide, side, or skin is inspected and sorted. The grading is done on the basis of hide defects, shape of the skin, manufacturing defects, or any other factors of importance to the specifications of the sale. 

Consider need for high/low temperature alarms for refrigerated storage these should be inspected and tested regularly. Consider need for mitigatory measures (fire, blast, fragment-resistant barricades/screens), electrical and electrostatic safeguards, personal protection, disposal etc. 

Insulating flanges to be inspected and tested at intervals not exceeding one month to ensure the insulation is clean and in good condition. Resistance should be measured between the metal pipe on shore side of flange and the end of the hose or metal arm when freely suspended. The measured value should be at least 1000 ohms. 

Shear strength is measured via a simple single overlap shear specimen of standard dimensions (Fig. 9). In contrast to its simple appearance, the forces in a thin-adherend shear specimen can be quite complex due to the inherent offset loading of the specimen and subsequent bending in the substrates. The single overlap shear test is anything but a pure shear test, but the configuration is easy to manufacture, simple to test and is firmly entrenched in the industry as a primary examination technique for materials qualifications, inspection and process control. 

After a satisfactory verification film is produced, an assembly may be fabricated specifically for destructive inspection to validate that the verification film was accurate. This correlation allows the use of verification film rather than more expensive destructive inspection for future changes such as duplicate tool fabrication and tool or detail modification. Simple assemblies are usually not destructively inspected because of high confidence that the verification film is entirely representative of the expected bondlines. Complex or large parts may not be destructively inspected because of the cost of the details and assembly time. In these cases other means of validating the verification film are used. Meticulous pre-bond detail and post-bond assembly thickness measurements may be sufficient to prove bondline thickness control. Ultrasonic inspection and X-ray photography (discussed previously) may be sufficient to prove that details are in the correct places and bonds are good. 

The HASP should describe how potential health and safety hazards at the work site are located, identified, and measured. A written schedule including inspections and walk-throughs conducted by designated individuals should be specified. 

In judging the adequacy of provisions you will need to apply the relevant standards, legislation, codes of practice, and other agreed measures for the type of operation, application, and business. These activities are quality assurance activities and may be subdivided into design assurance, procurement assurance, manufacturing assurance, etc. Auditing, planning, analysis, inspection, and test are some of the techniques that may be used. 

Should you need any new instrumentation, either for monitoring processes or for measuring quality characteristics, you need to make provision for its development. You will need to develop detail specifications of the instrumentation, and design, manufacture, inspect, and install the instruments under controlled conditions which meet the requirements of the standard. 

The quality of the product or service can be verified by you on receipt using your normal inspection and test techniques. (This is the least costly of methods and usually applies where achievement of the requirements is measurable by examination of the end product.)... 

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