Border line

Projection radiography has long been used for pipe inspection and corrosion monitoring. In this traditional tangential wall thickness estimation the distance of border lines of the projected wall shadows of a pipe onto the film is a direct measure for the wall thickness. This method is not considered here, newer developments can be found in / /. 

The method of measurement is based upon the observation of the position of the border line of the total reflection in relation to the faces of a prism of flint-glass, into which the light from the substance under in vestigation enters by the action of refraction. 

A telescope for observing the border line of the total reflection which is formed in the prism. 

The border line is now adjusted upon the point of intersection of the crossed lines by slightly inclining the double prism to the telescope by means of the alidade. The position of the pointer on the graduation of the sector is then read off by the aid of the magnifier attached to the alidade. The reading supplies the refractive index itj of the substance under investigation itself, without any calculation. 

Do not confuse NPSH vdth suction head, as suction head refers to pressure above atmospheric [17]. If this consideration of NPSH is ignored the pump may well be inoperative in the system, or it may be on the border-line and become troublesome or cavitating. The significance of NPSH is to ensure sufficient head of liquid at the entrance of the pump impeller to overcome the internal flow losses of the pump. This allows the pump impeller to operate wfith a full bite of liquid essentially free of flashing bubbles of vapor due to boiling action of the fluid. 

There is no sharp distinction which can be made between tautomerism and resonance but it is convenient in practice to make a distinction between the two which is applicable to all except the border-line cases. 

Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant interactions between Na and K. Three-dimendonal plots for each deagn showed that the data of each mixtiu e design could be easily described by the data belonging to the border lines of the defined fields, because minimum and maximum values were located there. Thus, without loss of information, figure 1 gives a representative idea of the influence, which the studied cations exert on the sol / gel transition of the three pectins. The curvature in the dotted curves reveal the interactions between Ca and a monovalent cation. 

As shovra previously (fig.l), the con )lex influence of the metal ions even on viscoelastic properties of the gels might be sufficiently demonstrated by considering the border lines of each defined field only (fig.2-4). The squares of the adjusted correlation coefficirats lay between 0.9778 and 0.9965 for G and between 0.9951 and 0.9996 for G /G . The resulting sinple models only contained parameters significant at levels with a < 0.15, describing direct influences of each of the three cations in one set and interactions between two cations. 

Their comparatively simple crystal structures may be described as a primitive packing of quasi-molecular units, and, in a way, they represent the border line between molecular and infinitely extended units in a solid (Cheetham and Day 1992). The Mo6 type core is completely surrounded by X atoms and inter-cluster bonding essentially occurs through the Mo-X interactions. The Mo—Mo bonding between clusters is very weak. 

Composition (E), (Figure 1, R=Ci2H25) had many of the sought-after attributes however, border line saline compatibility in topical formulations was viewed as a weak point. By contrast, composition (F) had the same desirable features with the added advantage of saline compatibility in formulated products. Therefore, composition (F) became a leading candidate for topical contraceptive development. 

In generalized Rouse models, the effect of topological hindrance is described by a memory function. In the border line case of long chains the dynamic structure factor can be explicitly calculated in the time domain of the NSE experiment. A simple analytic expression for the case of local confinement evolves from a treatment of Ronca [63]. In the transition regime from unrestricted Rouse motion to confinement effects he finds ... 

Draw in border lines between the species, that is, the lines representing the transformation of a species to another species. You will not know exactly where these lines occur but the approximate regions are sufficient for the purposes of diagram construction. 

For pure primary secondary explosives (except for border-line HE such as Ammonium Nitrate or Ammonium Perchlorate) dcr decreases as p0 increases until p0 approaches very close single crystal density when dcr may increase drastically. Thus if we limit ourselves to p0 < 0.9pcrySt, increases in p0 (according to Eq 8) should result in a greater sensitivity to impact. This is quite the opposite of what is found for shock initiation and will be examined more closely later on. At a fixed density, dcr increases as p. increases (see A B, p 90). This increase is fairly pronounced at small p (<0.2 mm) but levels off becomes almost asymptotic at large p (>0.4mm, except for cast TNT or TNT with 1% paraffin oil). Thus an increase in p, as expected, leads to a decrease... 

Radioactive materials (Group III) same as above except that the lettering and border line are in blue. Group III materials are those which emit electrically charged corpuscular rays only... 

Figure 1. Diagram of the intensity / (W/cm2) vs. duration of laser pulse tp(s) with various regimes of interaction of the laser pulse with a condensed medium being indicated very qualitatively. At high-intensity and high-energy fluence 4> = rpI optical damage of the medium occurs. Coherent interaction takes place for subpicosecond pulses with tp < Ti, tivr. For low-eneigy fluence (4> < 0.001 J/cm2) the efficiency of laser excitation of molecules is very low (linear interaction range). As a result the experimental window for coherent control occupies the restricted area of this approximate diagram with flexible border lines.

Figure 1 summarizes the results of all available fine analyses of hot evolved stars. It is important to note that most of these stars are not known to be members of binary systems. We find that all sdB and sdOB stars are drastically depleted in helium. A well-defined border line at Te = 4200OK separates these stars from the classical or "compact sdOs which cluster at Teff 50000K, have surface gravities log g > 5 and are systematically enriched in helium (y = NHe/(Njj+Njje)... 

Some members of the class of extremely helium-rich sdOs (no traces of hydrogen in the spectrum) are located in the same area of the (log Te -log g) plane as the sdOB and classical sdO stars, falling on either side of the border-line between them. 

Thus the isotactic control of polystyrene requires a significantly anionic initiator system such as alfin, alkyl sodium and sodium ketyl catalysts. Ethyllithium is at the border line in ionicity to produce isotactic polystyrene. Only when a somewhat more basic component such as lithium hydroxide is present, can steric control be realized. Even in these cases the amount of steric control is not large. The less anionic... 

The references cited by an examining authority have to be assessed in view of the so-called person skilled in the art . The skilled person is a fiction and represents a person who knows all references that have ever been published in whatever language, who however does not have too much creativity in posing and solving objects or problems on the respective technical field. This means that the person skilled in the art does not have the capacity of a Nobel Laureate, but does know more about the respective technical field than a technically interested layman. Of course, the knowledge of the person skilled in the art is stretchable and a matter of the respective case. Occasionally, a team of persons can be addressed as person skilled in the art , in particular in border-line technical fields. 

To summarize, d = 4 makes a border line, the upper critical dimensionJ for the excluded volume problem. For d < 4 both the cluster expansion and the loop expansion break down term by term in the excluded volume limit. For d i> 4 the expansions are valid, the leading n- or c-dependence of the results being trivial, however. We may state that for d > 4 the random walk model or Flory-Huggins type mean field theories catch the essential physics of the problem. As will be explained more accurately in Chap. 10 the mechanism behind this is the fact that for d > 4 two nncorrelated random walks in general do not cross. 

Although there are border-line and overlapping cases, the statesin which high polymers can exist are of three types, liquid, crystalline, and glassy. As amorphous means non-crystalline, the amorphous state includes the... 

In practice, the above ion-exchange and related principles may act in combination to various degrees. It is difficult to draw exact border lines between these processes when describing given separations because a mixed mechanism is often involved in the chromatography. This applies to all types of chromatography including adsorption, partition and gel permeation. 

Kinetic salt effects therefore represent an extremely valuable method of distinguishing mechanism SE2(open) from mechanism SE2(cyclic) for the case in which the reactants are neutral molecules. Naturally, since these two mechanisms may shade into each other, it is possible that in some cases only small positive kinetic salt effects will be observed if the mechanism is in the SE2(open)-SE2(cyclic) border line region. 

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