Lasers development

LLNL AVLIS Laser. The first WFS measurements using a Na LGS were performed at LLNL (Max et al., 1994 Avicola et al., 1994). These experiments utilized an 1100 W dye laser, developed for atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS). The wavefront was better than 0.03 wave rms. The dye laser was pumped by 1500 W copper vapor lasers. They are not well suited as a pump for LGSs because of their 26 kHz pulse rate and 32 ns pulse length. The peak intensity at the Na layer, with an atmospheric transmission of 0.6 and a spot diameter of 2.0 m, is 25 W/cm, 4x the saturation. The laser linewidth and shape were tailored to match the D2 line. The power was varied from 7 to 1100 W on Na layer to study saturation. The spot size was measured to be 7 arcsec FWHM at 1100 W. It reduced to 4.6 arcsec after accounting for satura-... 

The polarizability expresses the capacity of a system to be deformed under the action of electric field it is the first-order response. The hyperpolarizabilities govern the non linear processes which appear with the strong fields. These properties of materials perturb the propagation of the light crossing them thus some new phenomenons (like second harmonic and sum frequency generation) appear, which present a growing interest in instrumentation with the lasers development. The necessity of prediction of these observables requires our attention. 

Figure 13. Sensitivity curve of P-3. Exposure, KrF excimer laser development, TMAH aqueous solution.

Figure 14. Cross section of polysilane (P-3) resist pattern exposed to KrF excimer laser. Development, 2.34% TMAH aqueous solution.

In this reciew the attempt is made to exhibit some of the possibilities of laser applications in modem spectroscopy. The rapid development of new laser types and the improvement of the existing models lend lasers steadily increasing importance as spectroscopic light sources, and it seems that the laser revolution is only just beginning. These laser developments lead in different directions ... 

The cleaved-coupled-cavity laser developed by W.T. Tsang and colleagues (AT T Bell Laboratories) was designed especially for use in fiber optics telecommunication systems and probably as much as the optical fibers themselves will contribute to the gross claims, as mentioned earlier in the article, made for faster, higher-capacity optical links. 

The combination of theory with experiments dealing mainly with the excited state makes this volume invaluable for the research student as well as for the seasoned scientist, especially in such areas as laser development and laser chemistry, the chemical physics and kinetics of the atmosphere, studies of flames, and related topics. 

Boulnois J-L. Photophysical processes in recent medical laser developments. A review. Lasers Med Sci 1986 1 47-51. 

Recently, there has been expanding interest in molecular energy transfer as a result of gas laser development. This is true not only because lasers have proven to be an important tool in energy-transfer research, but also because... 

Laser development and applications, optics, photonics and imaging The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) http //www.spie.org... 

Regarding future laser developments which make use of alkali metal vapors, several interesting possibilities exist, which all allow for tunable lasers. 

Extension of laser investigations to further biomolecular processes will proceed parallel with an improved technological laser development. In particular, reliable, push-button tunable lasers in the UV providing tunable UV-radiation with sufficient intensity, will greatly enhance the field of applications. 

The RF photocathode electron gun is the newest type of accelerator used for pulse radiolysis. Such devices have been under development since the mid-1980s as electron beam sources for experimental physics facilities and free-electron laser development. They are typically used to produce electron beams in the 4-10-MeV range. The unique quality (low emittance and clean position-momentum relationships) of the electron beams they produce makes extremely sophisticated beam manipulation possible. 

Lasing in the range 650—720 nm has been reported for an optically pumped iodine monofluoride laser. The same system in discharge excited He, Ar, CF3I, and NF3 produced 24 kW output in a 15 ns long pulse between 480 and 496 nm. 280.4, 354.5, and 490.8 nm radiation has been produced in transversely excited GIF, BrF, and IF lasers, respectively, with mJ output powers. Two reviews have been published concerned with excimer laser developments and application. ... 

In 1970 the first report of the molecular hydrogen laser opened up a decade of activity in VUV laser development, which included the appearance of rare gas excimer and exciplex lasers and the achievement of tunable coherent radiation in the Lyman-a region via harmonic generation. The surge of activity in the development of VUV lasers arose in part from the uniqueness of the VUV region, in part from the ultimate interest in X-ray lasers and, from our perspective, from the exciting prospects in spectroscopy and molecular dynamics promised by narrow linewidth, tunable, high-power VUV laser pulses for state-selective studies. Here we review the principles on which VUV lasers are based. 

Menzel ER (1989) Pretreatment of latent prints for laser development. Forensic Science Review 1 43-66. 

Shortly after the ruby laser came the first gas laser, developed in 1961 in a mixture of helium and neon gases by A. Javan, W. Bennett, and D. Herriott of Bell Laboratories. At the same laboratories, L. F. Johnson and K. Nassau first demonstrated the now well-known and high-power neodymium laser. This was followed in 1962 by the first semiconductor laser demonstrated by R. Hall at the General Electric Research Laboratories. In 1963, C. K. N. Patel of Bell Laboratories discovered the infrared carbon dioxide laser, which later became one of the most powerful lasers. Later that year A. Bloom and E. Bell of Spectra-Physics discovered the first ion laser, in mercury vapor. This was followed in 1964 by the argon ion laser developed by W. Bridges of Hughes Research... 

The next light source will be ArF laser, which will be used for 0.13-/xm 4Gb-DRAM production. As for ArF lasers almost the same laser performance is required as the KrF laser, and the ArF laser development is almost completed. 

There are two prime goals for free-electron laser development at the present time high average powers and ultrashort wavelengths. High average power work is exemplified by the development of a free-electron laser at... 

The first semiconductor injection lasers developed were called homostructures because the p-n junction was made... 

Two-dimensional surface emitting lasers represent another area that will contribute to future semiconductor laser development. These devices have the potential to... 

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