Insects locusts

About 20 families of protein inhibitors of proteases have been described.488 The egg white ovomucoids comprise one family. Turkey ovomucoid is a three-domain protein whose 56-residue third domain is a potent inhibitor of most serine proteases.455 489 The 58-residue pancreatic trypsin inhibitor490 is a member of another family of small proteins. A 36-residue insect (locust) protease inhibitor is even smaller.491... 

Lindane is used predominately as a seed dressing and soil insecticide, for the control of ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals, for the control of locusts and grasshoppers, and as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria. Because of its relatively high volatility it is useful to control wood-boring insects of timber, fmit trees, and ornamental plants. The mode of action is not well understood but is thought to be competitive blocking of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter of synaptic nerve transmission. 

Figure S.8 Extraction scheiie used to isolate insect Bolting homone (ecdysterone) froB the desert locust.

For the control of locusts, grasshoppers, and crickets, 2 to 4 ounces of aldrin per acre, applied as a spray to host crops, yield highly effective results. The 4-ounce dosage is necessary under adverse control conditions such as prevail where vegetation is dry and most of the insects are in advanced stages of growth (9). 

Hopf2 concludes that although insect nerve tissues produce substances that simulate acetylcholine and a cholinesterase which is inhibited by organo-phosphorus insecticides, these substances (in locusts at any rate) are not antagonized by atropine. Furthermore, tubocurarine does not poison insects, although it is active in warm-blooded animals and affects the neuromuscular junctions (see pp. 36, 37). In short, different physiological mechanisms appear to be at work in insects. In particular, it seems that acetylcholine, when injected into a variety of insects, has no marked toxic action. It seems then that, in some... 

As mentioned above, to apply to insects a conclusion drawn directly from tests on mammals may sometimes be misleading.3 For instance, American cockroaches have a remarkably high tolerance for acetylcholine,4 but, on the other hand, a substance showing some of the pharmacological properties of acetylcholine does accumulate in flies and cockroaches poisoned with D.D.T. Similarly, Hopf, working with locusts, was unable to demonstrate any increase in toxicity of eserine or T.E.P.P. resulting from the subsequent injection of acetylcholine. From this, Lord and Potter infer that acetylcholine may not be directly involved in the insecticidal action of organo-phosphorus compounds, either because the enzymes which hydrolyse acetylcholine are not inhibited to any considerable extent in vivo or because the functions performed by acetylcholine in mammals are performed by another substance in insects. 

Amidines. After the initial observation that formamidines are agonists for OA receptors in the firefly (14,15 58), these compounds have been shown to mimic OA in virtually every insect system known to contain OA receptors, including the DUMETi system (59)f the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum (60) and the fat body ( ) of the locust, and various CNS adenylate cyclase preparations (26-28). The structure-activity relations of amidines as octopaminergic agonists have been examined in several systems including adenylate cyclase stimulation in the firefly lantern and... 

Three acyclic amines, dimethylamine (109), putrescine (111), and spermidine (110), have been isolated from the accessary sexual glands of the mature male desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Table VIII). In addition, A -pyrroline (12i) has been identified as a volatile emanating from the mature male locust colony (Table II). It is an oxidation product of putrescine and probably could be responsible for the maturation-accelerating effect observed to be specific to the mature male insect 106). 

An entirely different, in fact opposite, effect on insect reproduction by terpenes occurs with the desert locust. In this case the monoterpenes a-pinene, -pinene, llmonene, and euge-nol evaporating from desert shrubs about to bloom, precipitates synchronised sexual maturation and mating activity in the locusts (14). The spruce budworm is also stimulated to increased fertility levels by host tree monoterpenes (R.G. Cates, personal communication). It is possible that even opposite effects on reproduction in insects could occur depending on the specialisation of the insect species to its environment, the diversity of the biological activities of the compounds, and the high level of complexity of the reproductive processes. 

The antennal olfactory receptor system in several phytophagous insects is very sensitive in the detection of the green odour components. In the Colorado beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the threshold of response for trans-2-hexen-1-ol is circa 10b molecules per ml of air (17). In comparison, at 760 mm Hg and 20 C, 1 ml of air contains about 1019 molecules. The insects tested i.e., the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, the carrot fly Psila rosae (18), the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae (19), the Colorado beetle L. decemlineata (17), Leptinotarsa... 

Observations In nature obviate the fact that certain plant species and cultlvars are more resistant to Insect attackl 3 than are others. Ajuga remota (Lablatae) Is an example of this. A survey of a Kenyan savannah following a locust attack revealed that the only vegetation to survive the assault was A. remote/. ... 

The main entomopathogens are Verticillium lecanii for control of aphids, white fly and thrips, Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii for control of lepidopteran and coleopteran species and Metarhizium aniso-pliae and M. flavoviride for control of insect pests of coffee and sugar cane and, more recently, to control locust swarms. 

Adipokinetic hormones control metabolism of insects during long-distance flight.359 363 In the migratory locust these hormones consist of a pair of related octapeptides and a decapeptide (Table 30-5). The hormones stimulate triacylglycerol lipase in the insects fat bodies, induce release of carbohydrates from body stores, and affect many other aspects of metabolism.363 Insects also have hormones of the insulin family, proteins consisting of disulfide-linked A and B chains as in insulin. The silkworm Bombyx mori has 38 genes for the insulinlike bombyxins, which are synthesized in the brain.364... 

DDT was used to prevent migratory locusts, armyworms, acarids, aphids, phralidid caterpillars, and soil insects in orchards, paddy fields, and vegetable fields. For sanitation and epidemic prevention, DDT was used to kill mosquitoes, flies, cooties, fleas, bedbugs, cockroaches, etc. 

Aldrin and dieldrin have never been produced industrially in China but were produced on a pilot scale for termite control. Endrin has never been produced in China. Both aldrin and dieldrin are agricultural pesticides, which can prevent the damage caused by soil insects, such as termites, locusts, moths in wood, etc. However, the Ministry of Agriculture has never approved the registration and use of aldrin and dieldrin as agricultural pesticides. The application of dieldrin was concentrated in... 

Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is cultivated in cool regions such as Northern Europe. Recently, this vegetable has arisen out of claims that it is able to promote good health since no pesticides are used to cultivate chicory in the field, while the plant remains noticeably free from herbivore and microbial attack. The bitter substances, lactupicrin, 8-deoxylactucin and some phenolics had previously been shown to possess insect antifeedant properties in chicory (Rees and Harbome, 1985). Specifically, sesquiterpenoid lactones from chicory leaves, such as 8-deoxylactucin and lactupicrin (Figure 1), were identified as insect antifeedants against desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Similarly, we found some biologically active secondary metabolites in the... 

Fenitrothion is a broad-spectrum insecticide effective against a number of insects. It has been widely used in Australia for locust control. In January 2002, nine workers were hospitalized in Melbourne, Australia, as the result of exposure to fenitrothion.8 The incident occured when a forklift ran over and punctured three cans of the insecticide. Symptoms reported included irritated skin, stinging eyes, and nausea. According to an official at the scene, fenitrothion works its way into the eyes, armpits, and up the nose. Because of the applications for which it is used, residential and dietary exposures to fenitrothion are considered to be negligible in the U.S. 

Cassier P. and Delorme-Joulie C. (1976c) Imaginal differentiation of the integument in the desert locust Schisiocerca gregaria. Part 3 Phase polymorphism and its hormonal control. Insectes Sociaux 23, 179-198. 

Diehl P. A. (1975) Synthesis and release of hydrocarbons by the oenocytes of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1237-1246. 

Diehl P. A. (1975) Synthesis and release of hydrocarbons by the oenocytes of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1237-1246. de Renobales M., Rogers L. and Kolattukudy P. E. (1980) Involvement of a thioesterase in the production of short-chain fatty acids in the uropygial gland of mallard ducks Anas platyrhnchos). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 205, 464-471. de Renobales M., Cripps C., Stanley-Samuelson D. W., Jurenka R. A. and Blomquist G. 

Chino H. and Kitazawa K. (1981) Diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein of hemolymph of the locust and some insects. J. Lipid Res. 22, 1042-1052. 

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