Locust control

During 1948 in the same countries the imports of certain other pesticides increased greatly because of the need for locust control. It is to be expected that, after the locust outbreak subsides or is controlled, these imports will drop again. 

One specific piece of equipment, which had to be mounted on a vehicle, was extensively sold for locust control in an underdeveloped country. The roads in this area were not passable to trucks and the machine was mounted on a jeep. The machine was too heavy for a jeep, so the net result was a broken-down jeep and a piece of specialized equipment shaken to pieces by travel over almost impassable terrain. Add to this the complete lack... 

One outstanding example of the role of pesticides in technical assistance is in the control of the desert locust in the Near East, South Asia, and Africa. Since April 1951, when the United States Government received a request to assist the Government of Iran in one of its worst locust invasions in 80 years, a locust-control... 

After the 1980s, y-HCH was used to produce lindane and other HCHs were mainly used as intermediates of HCB. There was no direct use of a- and (S-IICI after the 1980s. Lindane was used for locust and wheat midge control. Three kinds of lindane formulation were registered in the pesticide registration information system of the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for wheat midge and locust control 1.5% powder, 6% powder, and 6% wettability powder. 

Lahr, J. (1998) An ecological assessment of the hazard of eight insecticides used in Desert Locust control, to invertebrates in temporary ponds in the Sahel, Aquatic Ecology 32 (2), 153-162. 

Milner, R.J., Lim, R.P. and Hunter, D.M. (2002) Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia, Pest Management Science 58 (7), 718-723. 

Fenitrothion is a broad-spectrum insecticide effective against a number of insects. It has been widely used in Australia for locust control. In January 2002, nine workers were hospitalized in Melbourne, Australia, as the result of exposure to fenitrothion.8 The incident occured when a forklift ran over and punctured three cans of the insecticide. Symptoms reported included irritated skin, stinging eyes, and nausea. According to an official at the scene, fenitrothion works its way into the eyes, armpits, and up the nose. Because of the applications for which it is used, residential and dietary exposures to fenitrothion are considered to be negligible in the U.S. 

Lahr J. 2000. Effects of insecticides on invertebrates in temporary ponds in the Sahel ecotoxicology, ecological risk assessment and minimizing side-effects of locust control [PhD thesis], Amsterdam (The Netherlands) Free University, 169 p. 

Griffiths J. and Bateman, R.P. (1997). Evaluation of the Francome Mkll Exhaust Nozzle Sprayer to apply oil-based formulations of Metarhizium flavoviride for locust control. Pesticide Science, 51, 176-184. 

Deltamethrin and fenitrothion Sometimes interactions may be detected even when an exact mechanism is unknown. As an example from real life, we can look at locust control in Africa. 

In 1992, the locust control campaign attracted donation of 19,000 litres of fenitrothion (GTZ), 5000 litres of diazinon and 40,000 litres of lambda-cyhalothrin (USAID)... 

Wink M (1998) In Roberts MF, Wink M (eds) Alkaloids biochemistry, ecology and medicinal applications. Plenum Press, New York, p 265 Bernays E, Edgar JA, Rothschild (1977) J Zool 182 85 Biller A, Bopprd M, Witte L, Hartmann T (1994) Phytochemistry 35 615 Fischer OW, Boppr M (1997) In Krall S, Peveling R, Ba Diallo D (eds) New strategies in locust control. Birkhduser Verlag, Basel, p 268... 

ATSB (2005), Risks Associated with Aerial Campaign Marragemerrt Lessorrs from a Case Study of Aerial Locust Control, Carrberra Arrstralian Trarrsport Safety Bureau. 

Lindane is used predominately as a seed dressing and soil insecticide, for the control of ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals, for the control of locusts and grasshoppers, and as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria. Because of its relatively high volatility it is useful to control wood-boring insects of timber, fmit trees, and ornamental plants. The mode of action is not well understood but is thought to be competitive blocking of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter of synaptic nerve transmission. 

Dieldrin [60-57-1] or l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-l,4,4t ,5,8,8t -hexahydro-6,7-epoxy-l,4- <7o, Aro-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene (34) (mp 176°C, vp 0.4 mPa at 20°C) is formed from aldrin by epoxidation with peracetic or perben2oic acids. It is soluble in water to 27 / g/L. Aldrin and dieldrin have had extensive use as soil insecticides and for seed treatments. Dieldrin, which is very persistent, has had wide use to control migratory locusts, as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria, and to control tsetse flies. Because of environmental persistence and propensity for bio accumulation, registrations in the United States were canceled in 1974. 

Vector Control and Plagues rodents, mosquitoes, tsetse flies, grasshoppers, locusts... 

Guar gum is a galactomannan used like locust bean gum and at approximately the same levels. However, unlike locust bean gum, it swells in cold solution and requires no heat for complete hydration. It also induces mix separation which may be controlled with carrageenin. It is well suited for use in HTST systems. 

CMC, which is cold water-soluble and easily dispersed, is widely used. It is combined with other hydrocolloids because it makes overrun difficult to control. It is used at about 0.2%. Pectin is used in sherbet and ices at a level of 0.2%, locust bean gum at 0.25%, and karaya gum at 0.4%. Guar gum is being accepted for this application at levels similar to locust bean gum. Combinations are made in order to use the best qualities of the various hydrocolloids. 

For the control of locusts, grasshoppers, and crickets, 2 to 4 ounces of aldrin per acre, applied as a spray to host crops, yield highly effective results. The 4-ounce dosage is necessary under adverse control conditions such as prevail where vegetation is dry and most of the insects are in advanced stages of growth (9). 

For example, the 1,2,2 trifluoroethyl group has found use in the fungicide tetraconezole (6-1), whereas the 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl group is encountered in the benzoylphenylurea insecticide hexaflumuron (6-2), which is used to control locust and grasshoppers in Sahalian grasslands (Fig. 6.1). 

Commercial bakeries and doughnut shops normally use a system that extrudes a batter from a reservoir directly into the deep fat fryer (Figure 5). In such a system the rheology of the batter is vitally important. The batter must flow and spread as needed. The major influence on the batter viscosity is the water content, which is around 70% of the flour or around 40% of the dry mix. Various gums are sometimes added to the dry mix to bind water, reduce fat absorption, and control the viscosity. Examples of these gums are guar gum, locust bean gum and carboxymethyl cellulose. 

The introduction of pest control methods is often a result of the broad-spectrum activity of compounds that have been commercialised in other crop situations. Control of locusts, for example, is an important aspect of crop protection in much of Africa and the Middle and Far East. The... 

The main entomopathogens are Verticillium lecanii for control of aphids, white fly and thrips, Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii for control of lepidopteran and coleopteran species and Metarhizium aniso-pliae and M. flavoviride for control of insect pests of coffee and sugar cane and, more recently, to control locust swarms. 

Another example of an excipient-excipient interaction that can be used to our advantage is the one between xanthan gum and locust bean gum (carob gum or cer-atonia) in the presence of water. This interaction forms the basis of the identification test for Xanthan Gum NF. The interaction creates a much more viscous gel system than can be created using either component alone. This has been used in the formulation of controlled release oral solid dosage forms in the TimeRx drug delivery system (11). 

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