Migratory locust

Dieldrin [60-57-1] or l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-l,4,4t ,5,8,8t -hexahydro-6,7-epoxy-l,4- <7o, Aro-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene (34) (mp 176°C, vp 0.4 mPa at 20°C) is formed from aldrin by epoxidation with peracetic or perben2oic acids. It is soluble in water to 27 / g/L. Aldrin and dieldrin have had extensive use as soil insecticides and for seed treatments. Dieldrin, which is very persistent, has had wide use to control migratory locusts, as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria, and to control tsetse flies. Because of environmental persistence and propensity for bio accumulation, registrations in the United States were canceled in 1974. 

Clynen, E., Baggerman, G., Veelaert, D., Cerstiaens, A., Van der Horst, D., Harthoorn, L., Derua, R., Waelkens, E., De Loof, A., Schoofs, L. (2001). Peptidomics of the pars intercerebralis-corpus cardiacum complex of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 1929-1939. 

Examples are the ruby-throated hummingbird which can fly non-stop across the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of approximately 1300 miles, and the migratory locust which can fly 200 miles or more non-stop in search of food. Both animals store only fat to provide energy for such long-distance flights. 

The antennal olfactory receptor system in several phytophagous insects is very sensitive in the detection of the green odour components. In the Colorado beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the threshold of response for trans-2-hexen-1-ol is circa 10b molecules per ml of air (17). In comparison, at 760 mm Hg and 20 C, 1 ml of air contains about 1019 molecules. The insects tested i.e., the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, the carrot fly Psila rosae (18), the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae (19), the Colorado beetle L. decemlineata (17), Leptinotarsa... 

Adipokinetic hormones control metabolism of insects during long-distance flight.359 363 In the migratory locust these hormones consist of a pair of related octapeptides and a decapeptide (Table 30-5). The hormones stimulate triacylglycerol lipase in the insects fat bodies, induce release of carbohydrates from body stores, and affect many other aspects of metabolism.363 Insects also have hormones of the insulin family, proteins consisting of disulfide-linked A and B chains as in insulin. The silkworm Bombyx mori has 38 genes for the insulinlike bombyxins, which are synthesized in the brain.364... 

DDT was used to prevent migratory locusts, armyworms, acarids, aphids, phralidid caterpillars, and soil insects in orchards, paddy fields, and vegetable fields. For sanitation and epidemic prevention, DDT was used to kill mosquitoes, flies, cooties, fleas, bedbugs, cockroaches, etc. 

Dumeti cell, which innervates the extensor tibiae muscle in the migratory locust. This cell, whose unpaired soma is located in the midline of the metathoracic ganglion, releases octopamine from its terminals. Neurons of this type may be widespread in insects and some of them may be interneurons (cf. 5 ). 

Locusta rmgratoria migratorioides migratory locust larva GR TR... 

As explained, we make a distinction between primer pheromones that influence the physiology of the recipient and the releaser hormones that influence its behavior. Primer pheromones are used by social insects to suppress the production of sexual individuals, and by locusts to stimulate the production of migratory winged types when the population density becomes high. The releaser pheromones or analogues are most relevant as insecticides. 

The (myo) kinin family of peptides is especially a very interesting one, because its members have two very different functional activities in insects. The first members of this family were originally isolated on the basis of stimulation of the cockroach hindgut in vitro from extracts of whole heads of L. maderae [151]. This species contains 8 isoforms of kinins. Shortly after their first isolation, it was reported that these kinins also stimulate diuretic activity of isolated Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti [175], This function of kinins has now been shown regularly in conspecific diuretic assays with a number of other insect species. To date, the structure of kinins (see Table 5) have been fully elucidated in insects from the American cockroach (8 isoforms), the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (5 isoforms), the migratory locust (1 isoform), the mosquitoes, Culex salinarius and A. 

Guo X, Ma Z, Kang L. Serotonin enhances sohtaiiness in phase transition of the migratory locust. Front Behav Neurosci 2013 7 129. 

Also Chinese documents from the Shang Dynasty (1523-1027 BC) reveal the threats posed by insects. Therefore, attempts were made to battle, for example, the migratory locust Locusta migratoria maniiensis with fire. In Greek and Roman writings, there are reports of plant damage, preventive measures, and pest control possibilities. For instance, Phny the Elder describes the use of ashes, crushed cypress leaves and diluted urine as insect repellents. 

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