Locust, desert

Figure S.8 Extraction scheiie used to isolate insect Bolting homone (ecdysterone) froB the desert locust.

One outstanding example of the role of pesticides in technical assistance is in the control of the desert locust in the Near East, South Asia, and Africa. Since April 1951, when the United States Government received a request to assist the Government of Iran in one of its worst locust invasions in 80 years, a locust-control... 

Three acyclic amines, dimethylamine (109), putrescine (111), and spermidine (110), have been isolated from the accessary sexual glands of the mature male desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Table VIII). In addition, A -pyrroline (12i) has been identified as a volatile emanating from the mature male locust colony (Table II). It is an oxidation product of putrescine and probably could be responsible for the maturation-accelerating effect observed to be specific to the mature male insect 106). 

Pyrroline (12i), found in the desert locust and the Mediterranean fruit fly (Table II), has been identified by formation of the I-dimethylaminonaph-thalene-5-sulfonyl (dansyl) derivative (106) or the colored adduct with o-ami-nobenzaldehyde, in addition to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (102). The 1-pyrrolines (12) have been prepared by treatment of their parent pyr-... 

McEUiiney, J., Lawton, L.A., Edwards, C. and Gallacher, S. (1998). Development of a bioassay employing the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria) for the detection of saxitoxin and related compounds in cyanobacteria and shellfish. Toxicon, vol. 36, 2, 417-420. 

An entirely different, in fact opposite, effect on insect reproduction by terpenes occurs with the desert locust. In this case the monoterpenes a-pinene, -pinene, llmonene, and euge-nol evaporating from desert shrubs about to bloom, precipitates synchronised sexual maturation and mating activity in the locusts (14). The spruce budworm is also stimulated to increased fertility levels by host tree monoterpenes (R.G. Cates, personal communication). It is possible that even opposite effects on reproduction in insects could occur depending on the specialisation of the insect species to its environment, the diversity of the biological activities of the compounds, and the high level of complexity of the reproductive processes. 

Lahr, J. (1998) An ecological assessment of the hazard of eight insecticides used in Desert Locust control, to invertebrates in temporary ponds in the Sahel, Aquatic Ecology 32 (2), 153-162. 

Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is cultivated in cool regions such as Northern Europe. Recently, this vegetable has arisen out of claims that it is able to promote good health since no pesticides are used to cultivate chicory in the field, while the plant remains noticeably free from herbivore and microbial attack. The bitter substances, lactupicrin, 8-deoxylactucin and some phenolics had previously been shown to possess insect antifeedant properties in chicory (Rees and Harbome, 1985). Specifically, sesquiterpenoid lactones from chicory leaves, such as 8-deoxylactucin and lactupicrin (Figure 1), were identified as insect antifeedants against desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Similarly, we found some biologically active secondary metabolites in the... 

Cassier P. and Delorme-Joulie C. (1976a) Imaginal differentiation of the integument in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Part 1 Post imaginal differentiation and its determination. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 117, 95-116. 

Diehl P. A. (1975) Synthesis and release of hydrocarbons by the oenocytes of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1237-1246. 

Diehl P. A. (1975) Synthesis and release of hydrocarbons by the oenocytes of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1237-1246. de Renobales M., Rogers L. and Kolattukudy P. E. (1980) Involvement of a thioesterase in the production of short-chain fatty acids in the uropygial gland of mallard ducks Anas platyrhnchos). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 205, 464-471. de Renobales M., Cripps C., Stanley-Samuelson D. W., Jurenka R. A. and Blomquist G. 

Veelaert D., Schoofs L., Verhaert P. and De Loof A. (1997) Identification of two novel peptides from the central nervous system of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 241, 530-534. 

Bailey E. and Horne J. A. (1972) The role of ketone bodies in the metabolism of the adult desert locust. Biochem. J. 128, 79pp. 

In the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, a similar phenomenon has been observed, but here it is older insects that lose activity among AL neurons (Ignell et al., 2001). Together with other sensory cues, desert locusts rely on aggregation pheromones to form their infamous swarms. Adult males produce an aggregation... 

Ignell R., Couillaud F. and Anton S. (2001) Juvenile-hormone-mediated plasticity of aggregation behaviour and olfactory processing in adult desert locusts. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 249-259. 

Heifetz, Y Miloslavski, I., Aizenshtat, Z. and Applebaum, S. W. (1998). Cuticular surface hydrocarbons of desert locust nymphs, Schistocerca gregaria, and their effect on phase behavior../. Chem. Ecol., 24,1033-1046. 

Heifetz, Y., Voet, H. and Appelbaum, S. W. (1996). Factors affecting behavioral phase transition in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal)... 

Francke, W., Brunnemann, U., Bergmann, J. and Plass, E. (1998). Semiochemistry at junctions Volatile compounds from desert locusts, caddisflies, and geometrid moths. Abstracts of the 2nd International Symposium on Insect Pheromones, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 30 March-3 April 1998. pp. 71-73. 

EL SAYED, G., LOUVEAUX, A., MAVRATZOTIS, M., ROLLIN, P., QUINSAC, A., Effects of glucobrassicin, epiprogoitrin and related breakdown products on locusts feeding Schouwia purpurea and desert locust relationships., Entomol. Exp. Appl., 1996, 78,231-236. 

S)-2-Pentanol (A65) is the major component of the alarm pheromone of the giant hornet Vespa mandarinia. The (Uj-enantiomer occurs in minor amounts and is equally effective.370 3-Pentanone (A66) is part of the pheromone of S. aloeus (see Section 4.04.5.3.3). Pentanoic acid (A67) was discussed as a compound stimulating premating behavior in the desert locust S. gregaria,371... 

The pathway for formation of DG from TG in the fat body is unknown. The lipolytic activity in fat body homogenates from L. migraloria (Tietz and Weintraub, 1978) and M. sexta (Arrese and Wells, 1992) converts TG primarily to free fatty acids (FFAs), whereas in the desert locust Schisto-cerca gregaria (Spencer and Candy, 1976) and the cockroach P. americana (Hoffman and Downer, 1979b) the end products were DG and FFA. Micro-somes from the L. migratoria fat body can acylate 2-MG to produce DG (Tietz et al., 1975). It has been shown that the DG released from the fat body has the 5n-l,2 configuration (Lok and Van der Horst, 1980 Tietz and Weintraub, 1980), therefore either a pathway involving de novo synthesis of DG via phosphatidic acid or the stereospecific hydrolysis of TG could be involved. 

Schistocerca gregaria Forsk desert locust adult FI 118... 

Bateman, R.P., Douro-Kpindu, O.K., Kooyman, C., Lomer, C. and Oambama, Z. (1998) Some observations on the dose transfer of mycoinsecticide sprays to desert locusts. Crop Protection 17, 151-158. 

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (1992) The desert locust guidelines, IV Control. Food and Agriculture Organisation Booklet, P. Symmons (ed.), 64 pp. 

Sayer, H.J. (1959) An ultra-low volume spraying technique for the control of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 50, 371-386. 

Bateman RP, Carey M, Batt D, Prior C, Abraham Y, Moore D, Jenkins N, Fenlon J. Screening for virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal). Biocontrol Sci Technol 6 549-560, 1996. 

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