Insecticides fruit/vegetables

Uses insecticide, fruit, vegetables, cotton, rice... 

Methoxychlor 0.04 0.04 Reproductive difficulties Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock... 

Of equal importance to the public health are hazards of acute or chronic poisoning of farm animals and poultry insecticide residues in fruit, vegetables, meat, or dairy products phytotoxicity reduction of soil fertility and disturbance of the balance of nature through selective destruction of wildlife. These latter hazards are largely the responsibilities of agriculturalists and conservationists but are mentioned here for completeness. 

With the advent of DDT as an important insecticidal material, much work has been required to study its persistence in the field and its tolerance by animals and plants. For the past 5 years this laboratory has been engaged in estimating residues on approximately 20,000 surface and penetration samples. These included a wide variety of materials, such as alfalfa, fruits, vegetables, nuts, leaves, twigs, soil, peat moss, wooden slats, galvanized iron, and tar paper. Techniques had to be developed to handle this large volume and variety of samples routinely and expeditiously. 

Of five or more isomers, the only one that is appreciably insecticidally active is the gamma isomer, which occurs in various percentages, usually 12 to 13%, depending on methods of manufacture. This mixture of isomers results in a compound of strong and persistent odor, mostly due to the beta isomer, which odor is retained by some fruits, vegetables, and animal tissues after treatment for insect infestations. 

Pyrethrum refers to the oleoresin extracted from the dried flowers of Tanacetum cinerariaefolium (Asteraceae) and is the source of the pyrethrins, chrysanthemates and pyrethrates. Among the natural pyrethrins, those incorporating the alcohol pyrethrolone, namely pyrethrins 1 and II (Fig. 9), are the most abundant and account for most of the insecticidal activity. The pyrethrins are recommended for control of a wide range of insects and mites on fruit, vegetables, field crops, ornamentals, glasshouse crops and house plants, as well as in public health, stored products, animal houses and on domestic and farm animals. Pyrethrins are sold in a wide variety of formulations, under many different trade names by a large number of different manufacturers. 

A Simple and Rapid Assay for Analyzing Residues of Carbamate Insecticides in Vegetables and Fruits Hot Water Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (from Bogialli et ah, 2004)... 

Nicotine is used as a contact insecticide for aphids attacking fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals, and as a fumigant for greenhouse plants and poultry mites. Nicotine sulfate is safer and more convenient to handle and the free alkaloid is rapidly liberated by the addition of soap, hydrated lime, or ammonium hydroxide to the spray solution. Nicotine sprays commonly contain 0.05—0.06% nicotine, and nicotine dusts, 1—2% nicotine. 

Endosulfan [115-29-7] (36) is the adduct of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and l,4-dihydroxy-2-butene which reacts subsequently with SOCl to produce 6>7>8>9>10>10-hexachloro-l,5,5, 6,9,9 -hexahydro-6>9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide. The technical product is a brownish solid (mp 70— 100°C, vp 1.3 mPa at 30°C) which consists of about four parts of a-isomer (mp 108°C, cis with regard to the sulfite group) and one part of the p-isomer (mp 206°C, trans with regard to the sulfite group). The a-isomer, which is somewhat more insecticidal, is slowly converted to the more stable p-isomer at high temperature, and both isomers are oxidized slowly to endosulfan sulfate [1031-07-8] (mp 181°C). In acid media, both isomers form endosulfan diol [2157-19-9] (mp 203°C). The rat LDc-s are 43, 18 (oral) and 130, 74 (dermal) mg/kg. Endosulfan is a broad-spectrum insecticide for vegetables, fruits, and row crops. Unlike the other cyclodiene insecticides, it is biodegradable by hydrolysis at the sulfite ester bonds. 

Fruit, vegetables Organophosphorus insecticides H2 O-ethyl acetate on-line microextraction [221]... 

Fruit, vegetables Carbamate insecticides and metabolites Ethyl acetate GLC-EC [222]... 

Headspace analysis has been employed in the extraction of dithiocarbamate insecticide in vegetables [227]. Other techniques occasionally used are vacuum distillation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the determination of volatile organic compounds in leaves, steam distillation in the determination of organochlorine insecticides in fruit and vegetables [229], and water distillation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography in the determination of 2-aminobutane in potatoes [102,230]. 

Miscellaneous pesticides/insecticides Fruit and vegetables Gel permeation chromatography clean-up GC-MS with ion trap detection [125]... 

Miscellaneous pesticides/insecticides Fruit and vegetables Extraction gel permeation chromatography, Nuchar-Celite clean-up HPLC with post-column hydrolysis and addition of o-phthaldehyde to produce fluorophores [129]... 

The agricultural use of pesticides such as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides has clearly reduced crop losses due to insects, weeds, and plant diseases in the US and throughout the world. The benefits from agricultural pesticides include improved crop yields, greater availability of fruits, vegetables, and grains, and lower consumer costs (Ecobichon, 1996). 

Toxaphene has been in use since 1949. It is a complex mixture that consists of at least 670 chlorinated terpenes (Jansson Wideqvist, 1983). It was used as a nonsystemic stomach and contact insecticide. As it is nontoxic to plants (except to cucurbius), it was used to control many insects that inhabited cotton, corn, fruit, vegetables and small grains, and to control the Cussia obtusifola soybean pest. Toxaphene solutions were usually mixed with other pesticides because it can help to solubilise other insecticides with lower water solubility (e.g. DDT, lindane, etc.) (ATSDR, 1996b). 

Bogialli, S., R. Curini, A. Di Corcia, M. Nazzari, and D. Tamburo. 2004. A simple and rapid assay for analyzing residues of carbamate insecticides in vegetables and fruits Hot water extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Agric. Food Chem. S2 665-671. 

Malathion, also known by the generic name carbophos (0,0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate or diethyl mercaptosuccinate), is one of the very popular, short-lived broad-spectrum insecticides for application to nearly all fruits, vegetables, field crops, dairy livestock, and household insects. 

Chemical Name carbamic acid, methyl-, 1-naphthyl ester 1-naphthalenol, methyl carbamate 1-naphthyl-V-methyl carbamate 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate Uses contact insecticide used to control most insects on fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals also used as growth regulator for fruit thinning of apples. 

Uses insecticide used to control insects on a wide variety of crops including fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and trees. 

Chemical Name cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo-propanecarboxylate (RS)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(lR5,3R5 lR5,35R)-3(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate Uses nonsystemic insecticide with contact and stomach action to control a wide range of insects in fruits, vegetables, vines, potatoes, cucurbits, capsicums, cereals, maize, soybeans, cotton, coffee, coca, rice, pecans, ornamentals and forestry, etc. also used to control flies in animal houses and mosquitoes, cockroaches, houseflies and other pests in public health. 

Chemical Name 0,0-diethyl 0-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate 0,0-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl 4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate 0,0-diethyl 2-isopropyl-4-methylpyrimidinyl-6-thiophosphate Uses nonsystemic insecticide to control flies, aphids and spider mites in soil, fruit, vegetables and ornamentals also... 

Chemical Name 2-carbomethoxy-l-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate l-methoxycarbonyl-l-propen-2-yl dimethyl phosphate methyl-3-(dimethoxyphosphinoyloxy)but-2-enoate 2-carbomethoxy-l-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate Uses contact insecticide and acaricide to control chewing insects and spider mites in fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. CAS Registry No 7786-34-7 [formerly 298-01-1 for (E) isomer 338-45-4 for (Z) isomer] for cis-isomer and 338-45-4 for trans-isomer]... 

Uses insecticide and acaricide to control chewing and sucking insects and mites in fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and field crops. 

Uses insecticide to control cockroaches, flies, fleas, mosquitoes, bugs, ants, millipedes and other insect pests in food storage areas, houses, animal houses, etc. also to control sucking and chewing insects in fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, vines, maize, lucerne, soya beans, cotton, sugar cane, rice cocoa, forestry, etc. 

Uses Pure azinphos-methyl is a white crystalline solid technical azinphos-methyl is a brown waxy solid. Based on toxicity, the USEPA has grouped it under RUP. Azinphos-methyl is a highly persistent, broad-spectrum insecticide. It is used for the control of mites and ticks, and it is poisonous to snails and slugs. It also is used in the control of many insect pests on a wide variety of fruit, vegetable, nut, and held crops, as well as on ornamentals, tobacco, and forest and shade trees. Outside the United States, azinphos-methyl is used in lowland rice production. Azinphos-methyl is available in emulsihable liquid, liquid flowable, ultra-low volume (ULV) liquid, and wettable powder formulations.28,29... 

Uses Demeton-s-methyl is a pale yellow oil that has a sulfur-like odor. It is a systemic and contact insecticide and acaricide. It kills insects that feed on plants by sucking juices. It is used to control aphids, sawflies, and spider mites in fruits, vegetables, potatoes, cereals, ornamentals, and forestry. Demeton-s-methyl replaces methyl demeton, a mixture of demeton-s-methyl and demeton-o-methyl sold as systox meta. Demeton-s-methyl is more toxic to insects than demeton-o-methyl. It is available as an emulsifiable concentrate.28,40... 

Uses insecticide, citrus, cotton, grapes, fruit, vegetables, potatoes, sorghum, soyabeans, tobacco... 

Uses insecticide, beets, cereals, cotton, fruit, vegetables, households... 

Uses insecticide, fruit, rice, tea, tobacco, vegetables... 

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