Initiator flow rate

Many initiators attack steels of the AISI 4300 series and the barrels of the intensifiers, which are usually of compound constmction to resist fatigue, have an inner liner of AISI 410 or austenitic stainless steel. The associated small bore pipework and fittings used to transfer the initiator to the sparger are usually made of cold worked austenitic stainless steel. The required pumping capacity varies considerably from one process to another, but an initiator flow rate 0.5 L / min is more than sufficient to supply a single injection point in a reactor nominally rated for 40 t/d of polyethylene. 

Filtration speeds are rough estimates of initial flow rates and should be considered on a relative basis. 

Tlie exhaust flow rate from the hood must always be much larger than the initial flow rate in the jet, since the jet always induces a larger flow rate than the initial jet flow rate. One recommendation is to have the initial jet flow rate approximately equal to 10% of the exhaust flow rate. 

In this work only simultaneous perturbations in the monomer and initiator flow rates will be considered. 

If a sieve, dual-flow, or grid-tray column is used, the only way to operate the column in a stable manner at the low initial flow rates is to blank offpart of the trays. This increases the vapor velocity through the mixing section, and assmes good contact and an efficient separation. These blanks can be removed at the time of the expansion. 

Run NaCl Anion-free Bulk Fluid Pressure Initial Flow Rate Residual H2O Porosity Av. Pore... 

Table 5.2 gives a FORTRAN program that numerically integrates the two ODEs describing this system for two different initial conditions of flow and liquid level in the tank (1) when the initial flow rate is 50 percent of the design rate, and (2) when the initial flow rate is 67 percent of the design flow rate. At time equal zero, the flow rate into the tank is increased to the maximum design flow rate of 35.1 ftVs. 

The initial flow rate into the reactor is 20 gpm (sp gr = 1). It is decreased linearly with time down to 5 gpm at 5 hours into the batch cycle. The initial reactor pressure is 50 psig. It increases linearly with time up to 350 psig at 5 hours. The reactant liquid comes from a tank at atmospheric pressure. 

Fig. 1.5.8 Scanning electron micrograph of poly(p-fer-butylstytene) particles obtained by polymerization of monomer droplets in the aerosol phase. The monomer and initiator flow rates were 1.2 dm3 min-1 and 40 cm5 min-1 and the boiler and initiator reservoir temperatures were 50°C and 25°C, respectively. The initiator was injected into the flowing aerosol at two positions. The modal diameter of these particles is 1.8 [xm. (From Ref. 67.)...

The initial flow rate decrease is caused by the NiCd battery discharge characteristic. Direct error can also result from the effect of inlet pressure changes on flow as shown in Figure 2(3). Since the pump is working on a compressable fluid, air, any increase in the pressure drop reduces the flow rate. 

When the reservoir (with a one-hole connector) was filled with water, salts were added and the compounds were spiked. The pH was adjusted with 1 N HC1 to 7.0. The reservoir was capped and swirled for a few seconds. The upper and lower stopcocks were opened and pressure was applied by using high-pressure, ultrapure, nitrogen gas. The flow rate was controlled by the nitrogen cylinder pressure and by using the fine adjustment on the resin column stopcock. Two flow rates were studied and are described during the presentation of results. The initial flow rate used was 120-150 bed volumes/h (20-25 mL/min). A lower flow rate of approximately 48 bed volumes/h was studied after breakthrough of quinaldic acid was observed. 

Figure 19.3 Relationship between fixed-bed initial flow rate and temperature (Roels, 1979).

Rezk et al. [74] developed and validated a reversed-phase HPLC assay method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of omeprazole and its three metabolites in human plasma. The method provides excellent chromatographic resolution and peak shape for the four components and the internal standard within a 17-min run time. The simple extraction method results in a clean baseline and relatively high extraction efficiency. The method was validated over the range of 2-2000 ng/ml. The resolution and analysis for the four analytes omeprazole, hydroxyome-prazole, omeprazole sulfone, and omeprazole sulfide and the internal standard utilized a Zorbax C18 (15 cm x 3 mm, 5 /im) with a Zorbax C18 (12.5 cm x 4.6 mm) guard column. The mobile phase consisted of two components. Mobile phase A was 22 mM phosphate monobasic, adjusted to a pH of 6 with diluted sodium hydroxide. This solution was filtered through a 0.45-/im membrane filter, then mixed as 900 ml buffer to 100 ml methanol. Mobile phase B was composed of 100 ml of the phosphate buffer as mobile phase A, mixed with 800 ml of acetonitrile, 100 ml of methanol, and 100 /A of trifluoroacetic acid with an initial flow-rate of 0.55 ml/min and detection at 302 nm. 

The objective of this paper is to illustrate, by simulation of the vinyl acetate system, the utility of the analytical predictor algorithm for dead-time compensation to regulatory control of continuous emulsion polymerization in a series of CSTR s utilizing initiator flow rate as the manipulated variable. 

Figures 7. Simulated start-up of vinyl acetate polymerization at low emulsifier level (0.01 mol/L H20) under closed-loop control with arbitrarily selected controller tuning constants and manipulation of initiator flow rate at 50°C conversion in R1—STD feedback (--------------------------) vs. DTC (----)...

Figure 24. Simulated response of third reactor of a continuous vinyl acetate polymerization to a step change in setpoint at high emulsifier feed concentration (0.06 mol/L H>0) and manipulation of initiator flow rate to the third reactor at 50°C ((---------------------] optimum PID) (-----) Z transform)...

The pyrolysis reactor can be simulated in Aspen Plus as PFR with power-law kinetics and temperature profile or heat duty. To validate the kinetic data, we consider an initial flow rate of 73000kg/h EDC at a reaction temperature of 530°C and 18 bar. The reactor consists of 16 tubes in parallel with an internal diameter of... 

A sample of 2 ml of the stressed suspension is applied to the filtrometer and the initial flow rate is determined. The filtration curve is plotted automatically. 

The initial flow rate (10 % of the cell suspension having passed the filter) is recorded. 

The slope angle is the same for all lines in Fig. 5.17 and close to the value calculated (23.5). The increase in the expansion ratio observed reflects the decrease in the initial flow rate w0 (the segment on the ordinate axis cut by the line). 

Hanss, M. (1983). Erythrocyte filtrability measurement by the initial flow rate method. Biorheology 20, 199-211. 

In a first series of experiments, transient kinetics were studied. After a certain time on stream at a constant flow rate of, e.g., 120 ml - min l a steady state was reached (Figure 1). This was characterised by a constant conversion and an exact stoichiometry according to equ. (1), in agreement with earlier results. When the flow rate was suddenly lowered, i.e., the contact time increased, the expected increase in conversion was observed. However, first an excess of benzene was produced but the new steady-state yield, Y, of benzene was relatively quickly reached. By contrast, the yield of diethylbenzenes only slowly increased from low values to the new steady-state. This indicates a preferential adsorption of the product diethylbenzene. The effect was reversible. When the initial flow rate was re-adjusted, the original conversion was approached, whereby the initial steady-... 

A large tank is connected to a smaller tank by means of a valve. The large tank contains N2 at 690 kPa while the small tank is evacuated. If the valve leaks between the two tanks and the rate of leakage of gas is proportional to the pressure difference between the two tanks p - P2), how long does it take for the pressure in the small tank to be one-half its final value The instantaneous initial flow rate with the small tank evacuated is 0.091 kg mol/hr. 

The biofermenter BF-F500 system consisted of a 1.5 1 culture vessel, 2 1 medium reservoir and effluent bottle (2 1 glass vessels) for fresh and expended media which were connected to the perfusion (culture) vessel by a peristaltic pump. As shown in Fig. 14, the fermenter systems have a conical shape sedimentation column in the center of the fermenter, and an impeller on the bottom of the sedimentation column. The Namalwa cells, KJM-1, were cultivated by continuous cultivation in the biofermenter. In Fig. 15, the culture has been inoculated at 1 to 2 x 10 cells/ml with an initial flow rate of approximately 10 ml/h, sufficient to support the population growth. At densities of 7 x 10 -1.5 x 10" cells/ml, we have used a nutrient flow rate of 1340 ml/h using ITPSG and ITPSG-F68 serum-free media. The flow rate of fresh media was increased step-wise from 240 to 960 ml/d in proportion to the increase in cell density. This resulted in an increase of 4 to 10 fold in cell density compared to the conventional batch culture systems. This system was then scaled up to a 45 1 SUS316L unit mounted on an auto-sterilization sequence system with a medium reservoir and an effluent vessel of 901 each. 

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