Injury mechanisms

In a retrospective study of 148 cases of occupational eye injuries in Germany, ocular bums (not specified as chemical or other etiology) comprised 15.5% of the total [10]. In another German study of 101 patients with 131 severely burned eyes, 72.3% of the injuries were work-related, 84.2% were chemical injuries, and 79.8% of these were due to alkalis [11], Of 42 cases of alkali ocular bums admitted to a German eye clinic between 1985 and 1992, 73.8% involved industrial accidents [19]. In Finland in 1973,11.9% of all industrial accidents were ocular injuries and bums comprised 3.6% of these (chemical or other injury mechanism not specified) [12]. A 7-year retrospective Australian study of 182 industrial bums found that 5.5% were ocular bums due to chemicals, gas explosions, and electric flashes (percentages not specified) [30]. In a 4-year hospital-based study in Taiwan, of 486 patients with eye injuries, 39.9% were work-related [20]. Chemical ocular bums accounted for 19.6% of these injuries [20],... 

Burns, F.R., Paterson, C.A. Chemical injuries Mechanisms of corneal damage and repair. In Beuerman, R.W., Crosson, C.E., Kaufman, H.E. (eds.) Healing Processes in the Cornea. Advances in Applied Biotechnology Series, vol. 1, pp. 45-58. Gulf, Houston (1989)... 

Matute C., Domercq M., and Sanchez-Gomez M. V. (2006). Glutamate-mediated glial injury Mechanisms and clinical importance. Glia 53 212-224. 

Loening AM, James IE, Levenston ME, Badger AM, Frank EH, Kurz B, Nuttall ME, Hung H-H, Blake SM, Grodzinsky AJ, Lark MW. Injurious mechanical compression of bovine articular cartilage indices chondrocyte apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 381 205-212. 

Traumatic brain injury leads to inflammatory events that are believed to contribute to outcome through secondary injury mechanisms (67,68). 

Blunt chest injury Mechanical artificial heart Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent foramen ovale Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Particularly with right to left shunt Catheterization, angioplasty Primary oxalosis, hydatid cyst... 

M.V. Bilenko, Ischemia and reperfusion of various organs Injury mechanisms, methods of prevention and treatment. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Huntington, N.Y., 2001. 

TABLE 2.2 Example toolbox of In vitro Assays Targeting Key Drug-Induced Liver Injury Mechanisms... 

Pantazi D, Kitsiouli E, Karkabounas A et al (2013) Dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis is induced by non-injurious mechanical stretch in a model of alveolar type II cells. Lipids 48(8) 827-838... 

Vinken M, Maes M, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V (2013) Drug-induced liver injury mechanisms, types and biomarkers. Curr Med Chem 20(24) 3011-21... 

FIGURE 47-3. The major pathways of immune-mediated glomerular injury. Mechanisms 1 and 2 primarily acton the glomerular epithelial cell and result in noninflammatory lesions. Mechanisms 3 and 4 involve participation of effector cells and result in glomerular inflammation and structural damage. (Adapted from Couser. )... 

The ratio of methylcobalamin to total vitamin derivatives of extractable B12 has been determined in liver from mice who were subjected to different types of injury (mechanical trauma, bums, and ionizing radiation) inflicted separately or in various combinations. A decrease in methylcobalamin was observed paralleling the severity of the damage. There may thus be a decreased synthesis of methycobalamin or an increased catabolism or leakage from the liver—or combination of these causes. The method used did not determine the nonextractable cobalamin, so that a disappearance into a nonextractable form could have been the cause (L9). 

Mattson, M.P.and Scheff, S.W. (1994) Endogenous neuroprotection factors and traumatic brain injury mechanisms of action and implications for therapy. J. Neurotrauma 11 3-33. 

Nearly all ischemic events are modulated by temperature, and cerebroprotection from hypothermia is believed to increase resistance against multiple deleterious pathways including oxidative stress and inflammation [205-211]. Generally, most biological processes exhibit a of approximately 2.5, which means that a 1°C reduction in temperature reduces the rate of cellular respiration, oxygen demand, and carbon dioxide production by approximately 10% [212]. Reduced temperature also slows the rate of pathological processes such as lipid peroxidation, as well as the activity of certain cysteine or serine proteases. However, detoxification and repair processes are also slowed, so the net outcome may be complex. Hence, hypothermia appears to be an attractive therapy that targets multiple injury mechanisms. 

Li S, Mealing GA, Morley P, Stys PK. Novel injury mechanism in anoxia and trauma of spinal cord white matter Glutamate release via reverse na-l-dependent glutamate transport. J Neurosci. 1999 19 RC16... 

Matute C, Domercq M, Sanchez-Gomez MV (2006) Glutamate-mediated gjial injury mechanisms and clinictil importance. Glia 53 212-224... 

Head Injury Mechanisms Neck Injury Mechanisms... 

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