Fistula, arteriovenous

Fistula Abnormal connection between two internal organs (e.g., arteriovenous fistula, which is a connection between an artery and a vein), or between an internal organ and the exterior or skin (e.g., enterocutaneous fistula, which is a connection between the intestine and the skin). 

A variety of Amplatzer devices are applicable for LAA occlusion including the atrial and ventricular septal defect devices, the patent foramen ovale devices, the patent ductus arteriosus devices, and other arteriovenous fistulae devices. A special fabric-free LAA plug is currently under investigation (Rg. 2). 

Gerdes, A.M., Campbell, S.E., and Hilbelink, D.R. 1988. Structural remodelling of cardiac myocytes in rats with arteriovenous fistula. Lab. Invest. 59 857-861. 

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are the most frequent (acquired) AVM of the spinal canal and its meninges. In 1977 Kendall and Logue were the first to recognize that this disease, which had formerly been described as so-called retromedullary angiomas, in fact is an AV fistula situated within the dura mater. This was confirmed by Merland et al. in 1980 who pointed out the angiographic characteristics of the disease in detail (Fig. 17.6). 

Bammer R, Fazekas F, Augustin M, Simbrunner J, Strasser-Fuchs S, Seifert T, Stollberger R, and Hartung HP (2000) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (3) 587-591 Behrens S, Thron A (1999) Long-term follow-up and outcome in patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. J Neurol 246 181-185... 

Burguet JL, Dietemann JL, Wackenheim A, Kehr P, Buchheit F (1985) Sacral meningeal arteriovenous fistula fed by branches of the hypogastric arteries and drained through medullary veins. Neuroradiology 27 232-237 Caplan L (2003) Spinal Cord Ischemia. In Neurological Disorders Course and Treatment, Second Edition, Elsevier Science 393-401. 

Haddad MC, Aabed al-Thagafi MY, Djurberg H (1996) MRI of spinal cord and vertebral body infarction in the anterior spinal artery syndrome. Neuroradiology 38 161-162 HasslerW, Thron A, Grote EH (1989) Hemodynamics of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. An intraoperative study. JNeu-rosurg 70 360-370... 

Huffmann BC, Gilsbach JM, Thron A (1995) Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas a plea for neurosurgical treatment. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 135 44-51... 

Larsen DW, Halbach VV, Teitelbaum GP, McDougaU CG, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB (1995) Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas supplied by branches of the internal iliac arteries. Surg Neurol 43 35-40 discussion 40-1 Lasjaun ias P, Berenstein A, ter Brugge KG (2001) Surgical Neu-... 

Rosenblum B, Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Di Chiro G (1987) Spinal arteriovenous malformations a comparison of dural arteriovenous fistulas and intradural AVM s in 81 patients. J Neurosurg 67 795-802 Rosenkranz M, Grzyska U, Niesen W, Fuchs K, Schummer W, Weiller C, Rother J (2004) Anterior spinal artery syndrome following periradicular cervical nerve root therapy. J Neurol 251 229-231... 

Song JK, Vinuela F, Gobin YP, Duckwiler GR, Murayama Y, Kureshi I, Frazee JG, Martin NA (2001) Surgical and endovascular treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas long-term disability assessment and prognostic factors. J Neurosurg 94 199-204... 

Blunt chest injury Mechanical artificial heart Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent foramen ovale Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Particularly with right to left shunt Catheterization, angioplasty Primary oxalosis, hydatid cyst... 

Penetrating and non-penetrating neck injuries are more likely to damage the carotid than the better protected vertebral artery. The vertebral artery appears to be more vulnerable to rotational and hyperextension injuries of the neck, particularly at the level of the atlas and axis. Laceration, dissection and intimal tears may be complicated by thrombosis and then embolism and, therefore, ischemic stroke at the time of the injury or some days or even weeks after the injury. Later stroke may be a consequence of the formation of a traumatic aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula or a fistula between the carotid and vertebral arteries (Davis and Zimmerman 1983). 

Atypical antipsychotic drugs Chronic subdural hematoma (Ch. 7) Vertebral/carotid artery dissection (Ch. 6) Fat embolism (Ch. 6) nternal carotid artery stenosis (distal) Dural arteriovenous fistula (Ch. 7)... 

Results of combined stereotactic, radiosurgery and transarterial embolization for dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Journal of Neurosurgery 94 886-891... 

Local sepsis (sinuses, ears, mastoids, scalp, nasopharynx) Subdural empyema Bacterial meningitis Dural arteriovenous fistula... 

Arterial bruit A systolic rushing sound synchronized with the heart beat indicates increased arterial blood flow. This often barely audible sound is easier to discern if one listens for arterial bruit and feels the patient s pulse at the same time. It is sometimes heard where aneurysm or stenosis is present in large arteries (e.g. coeliac artery, hepatic artery) as well as in arteriovenous malformations, highly vascularized liver tumours, pronounced acute alcohol hepatitis, 1-2 days after liver biopsy resulting from temporary arteriovenous fistula, or in twisted arteries in cirrhosis. It is seldom found in healthy persons. (10, 13, 44)... 

Okuda, K., Musha, H., Nakajima, Y., Takayasu, K., Suzuki, Y., Morita, M., Yamasaki, T. Frequency of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistula as a sequela to percutaneous needle puncture of the liver. Gastroenterology 1978 74 1204-1207... 

Preger, L. Hepatic arteriovenous fistula after percutaneous liver biopsy. Amer. J. Rontgenol. 1967 101 619-620... 

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