Mechanical trauma

Physical agents Mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, radiation, electric shock. 

Low secretion of saliva and less mucin in the produced saliva are not unusual in older individuals. Saliva has a number of protective functions of which the most important is protection against irritation by both chemical and mechanical trauma to... 

Sting. An injury caused by the venom of a plant or animal (biotoxin) introduced into the individual or with which he or she has come in contact, together with the mechanical trauma caused by the organ responsible for its introduction. Stomachic. A preparation that gives strength and tone to the stomach. Also used to stimulate the appetite. 

Resveratrol-3-O-p-D-glucoside is called piceid. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring phytoalexin ( defender of the plant ) which is produced in response to an injury, such as mechanical trauma, ultraviolet light, and infection by pathogenic microorganisms, especially fungi, providing means for defense [Bertelli et al., 1995 Baolin et al., 2004 Bak et al., 2006 Baur et al., 2006]. It is formed via a condensation reaction between three molecules of malonyl CoA and one molecule of 4-coumaroyl CoA [Soleas et al., 1997], Resveratrol synthase facilitates this condensation reaction, which also produces four... 

The use of radiation dispersal devices, commonly referred to as dirty bombs, is particularly concerning for disaster planning and emergency preparedness personnel. An RDD is an explosive device designed to spread radioactive material without a nuclear explosion (Briggs Brinsfield, 2003). The initial blast from the explosion can kill or inflict mechanical trauma on those who are close in proximity to the explosion while the radioactive material is dispersed. Please refer to chapter 27, Radiological Incidents and Emergencies, for further information on decontamination, radiation sickness, and personal protective measures. 

Contact lens Mechanical trauma Type 1 Type rV... 

The canse of GPC is mnltifactorial,with mechanical trauma and hypersensitivity reactions involved. In those genetically predisposed, the antigen-coated contact lens may trigger the hypersensitivity reaction, which inclndes both an immediate type 1 reaction and a type IV delayed reaction. 

With each blink the antigen-coated contact lens mechanically traumatizes the tarsal conjunctiva. This process causes the release of mediators, such as neutrophil chemotactic factor and eosinophil chemotactic factor, which attract inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils). The immunologic sequence of events results in an increase in tear immunoglobulins IgE and IgG and C3 anaphylatoxin. The tear immunoglobulins and C3 anaphylatoxin then interact with the inflammatory cells produced from the mechanical trauma. This interaction causes the release of vasoactive amines, resulting in subsequent clinical manifestations. Papillae formation is related to structural changes in the conjunctival epithelium and stroma associated with increased eosinophils and inflammatory cells. 

Infusion phlebitis presents a problem in parenteral nutrition. Various alternative techniques of administration have been compared in order to identify means of countering this problem (9). Mechanical trauma appears to be a causative factor it can be reduced by hmiting the time of exposure of the vein wall to nutrient infusion and by minimizing the amount of prosthetic material within the vein (10). This is hkely to be even more important in small veins. In one study the addition of heparin (500 U/1) and hydrocortisone (5 micrograms/ml) significantly reduced the risk of thrombophlebitis from 0.43 to 0.11... 

Summary Stimulating effects of some silatranes and silocanes leadmg to activation of corneal reparative regeneration afler mechanical trauma, protein-synthesizing components, and cicatrizing of experimental bums of rats were studied. Several aspects of the mechanisms of these stimulating effects are discussed. 

We paid particular attention to the study of physiological and therapeutic effects of silatranes and silocanes on one of the thinnest and most complicated varieties of cormective tissue — cornea. Silatranes effect on cornea was studied after mechanical trauma, and after alkaline and acidic bums. We also studied the effect of silocanes in healing tests with wounds and bums. 

In animals of the control and experimental groups after eye treatment with 0.5% dicain solution, a mechanical trauma in the central part of the cornea was produced by a trepan. Wound depth achieved was half of the corneal thickness diameter was 4 mm. 

The amount of enzymes released depends on the degree of cellular damage, the intracellular concentrations of the enzymes, and the mass of affected tissue. The nature of the insult (viral infection, hypoxia, or surgical, chemical, or mechanical trauma) has no bearing on the enzymes released into the circulation. 

The ratio of methylcobalamin to total vitamin derivatives of extractable B12 has been determined in liver from mice who were subjected to different types of injury (mechanical trauma, bums, and ionizing radiation) inflicted separately or in various combinations. A decrease in methylcobalamin was observed paralleling the severity of the damage. There may thus be a decreased synthesis of methycobalamin or an increased catabolism or leakage from the liver—or combination of these causes. The method used did not determine the nonextractable cobalamin, so that a disappearance into a nonextractable form could have been the cause (L9). 

A semi-permeable membrane will shield sensor elements from mechanical trauma, and from the harsh environment of the tissue, including attack from cells and their reactive oxygen species, and protein and platelet deposition (biofouling). 

The disease appears to have a genetic basis with environmental factors, such as infections, emotional trauma or mechanical trauma, causing outbreaks in susceptible individuals. Psoriasis should be regarded as a chronic systemic disease, which can be associated with other chronic diseases such as heart disease, hypertension and diabetes and may reduce life expectancy. About 15% of people with psoriasis also have psoriatic arthritis (see Chapter 7, page 173). 

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