Trauma iatrogenic

Blunt abdominal trauma with rupture of intestine Penetrating abdominal trauma Iatrogenic intestinal perforation (endoscopy)... 

Altered collateral circulation previous embolization, trauma/iatrogenic injury, atherosclerosis, shock, and pharmacological alteration (vasopressor therapy)... 

This situation is less common than low-flow priapism and can be classified as congenital due to arterial malformations, traumatic usually associated with penile, perineal or pelvic trauma, iatrogenic following revascularization procedures or idiopathic. The local blood gas tension in these patients is arterial, and therefore the penis is not at risk of ischemia and subsequent fibrosis. 

Bowel injuries caused by penetrating, blunt, or iatrogenic trauma that are repaired within 12 hours and intraoperative contamination of the operative field by enteric contents under other circumstances should be treated with antibiotics 24 hours. 

Trauma (and other causes of acute blood loss), C third-spacmg of fluid (e.g., burns, pancreatitis, peritonitis), vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, renal or adrenal (i.e., sodium wasting) disease v Heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, iatrogenic (intravenous fluid overload) ... 

Many factors predisposing to infection are related to disruption of the host s integumentary barriers. For example, trauma, burns, and iatrogenic wounds induced in surgery may lead to a substantial risk of infection depending on the severity and location of the injury or disruption. For a complete discussion of the various risks involved in surgical procedures, see Chap. 121. 

Gastric perforation beyond infancy in the pediatric population is also rare. It can be seen in cases of iatrogenic trauma (tubes and catheters), after Nissen or other fundoplications in patients with distal small bowel instruction, after caustic ingestion or in patients with blunt trauma to a distended stomach. Gastric rupture can also be seen in patients with perforated peptic ulcer and dermato-... 

Aneurysm Iatrogenic trauma (post-operative, post-bile duct intervention, post-liver biopsy) Accidental trauma Pancreatitis (proteolysis, pseudocyst) Mycotic Arteriitis (polyarteriitis nodosa etc.) Collagen tissue disorder (Ehler Danlos etc.)... 

Suture materials need to be tested for tensile behavior, that is, ultimate breaking force (N) and extension at break (%), flexibility, creep and resistance to iatrogenic trauma, that is, the suture s ability to withstand mishandling and trauma caused by needle holders during surgery. In the case of resorbable sutures, the rate of biodegradability or resorption also needs to be measured in terms of the rate of strength loss and the rate of mass loss. These two properties do not follow the same decay curve. 

PVDF and PP sutures were found to be very similar in tensile breaking force and biocompatibihty in blood vessels. The three properties that most differentiate PVDF from PP sutures are creep behavior, the extent of iatrogenic trauma by a needle holder, and sterilization by y-irradiation. Over a period of 103 min, there was about 10% dimensional increase in PVDF sutures, while PP (Prolene) sutures had more than 50% increase. Thus, PVDF sutures have better resistance to creep than do PP sutures and hence are expected to be dimensionally more stable. However, PVDF exhibited more dimensional change than PP during the initial 30 min of creep testing. 

Williams JV, Colbert SD, Revington PJ. Sudden hypotensive syncope and significant iatrogenic maxillofacial trauma following administration of oral sodium phosphate purgative solution. J Perioper Pract 2010 20 181-2. 

Because of its length, the male urethra is vulnerable to traumatic lesions that may cause acute urinary retention and sudden onset of urethrorrhagia and even late stenosis. Urethral trauma can be divided into external trauma, either contusive or penetrative, and internal or endourethral trauma. Internal traumas usually follow iatrogenic maneuvers. External traumas are frequent events and can occur in the penile urethra as a result of road or work accidents, sporting activities or sex. The urethra can be compressed by subcutaneous or intraspongiosal hematomas and may present complete or incomplete mucosal interruption. 

Acute penile ischemia secondary to calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease (Barthelmes et al. 2002), vasculitis, metabolic disease, iatrogenic procedures or trauma is very rare. In fact, collateral circulation usually prevents cavernosal tissue ischemia, also after bilateral occlusion. We observed a patient with Fabry s disease who developed acute penile ischemia. After intravenous microbubble injection, no enhancement of the corpora cavernosa was observed, while only mild enhancement of the soft tissues surrounding the corpora occurred, reflecting compromise of the general circulation. 

Alkadhi H, Wildermuth S, Desbiolles L, Schertler T, Crook D, Marincek B, Boehm T (2004) Vascular emergencies of the thorax after blunt and iatrogenic trauma multi-detector row CT and three-dimensional imaging. Radiographics 24 1239-1255... 

Trauma (accidental/iatrogenic) Aneurysm/arteriomegaly Anatomic mapping for fibula graft harvesting Mass (vascular supply/anatomic relationship) Acute ischemia (embolism)... 

Other causes of saccular aneurysm formation include trauma and iatrogenic injury from percutaneous or surgical interventions. Any focal insult, perforation, or laceration can lead to pseudoaneurysm formation. These aneurysms are often symptomatic due to hemorrhage, pain, and hypotension that occur. Iatrogenic injuries will be discussed in a separate chapter of this text. 

Appropriate patient work up includes consent, a brief review of current and past medical history, pertinent imaging, a limited physical exam with evaluation of the pulses, and basic laboratory parameters. Endocarditis, vasculitis, pancreatitis, prior trauma, and congenital arteriopathies such as Ehlers-Danlos are important entities to be aware of. Knowing the past surgical history and whether prior percutaneous biopsy was performed would be relevant for iatrogenic causes. Since asymptomatic patients have VAAs that are often discovered incidentally and symptomatic patients often have vague... 

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