Infusion fluid

Potentially, this can be a hazardous practice. For instance, the dmg may preeipitate in the infusion fluid because of the pH (e.g. amphotericin) or the presence of ealeium... 

A sensitive method for detecting low levels of eontamination in intravenous infusion fluids involves the addition of a concentrated eulture medium to the fluid in its original container, such that the resultant mixture is equivalent to single strength culture medium. In this way, sampling of the entire volume is aehieved. 

Amino acids, e.g. glutamate, lysine Corynebacterium glutamicum Brevibacterium flavum Supplementation of feeds/food intravenous infusion fluid constituents... 

Profiles of pH versus solubility and pH versus stability are needed for solution and suspension formulations to help assure physical and chemical stability as well as to maximize or minimize solubility. This information is also valuable for predicting the compatibility of drugs with various infusion fluids. 

Injections and infusion fluids must be manufactured in a manner that will minimize or eliminate extraneous particulate matter. Parenteral solutions are generally filtered through 0.22 pm membrane filters to achieve sterility and remove particulate matter. Prefiltration through a coarser filter is often necessary to maintain adequate flow rates, or to prevent clogging of the filters during large-scale manufacturing. A talc or carbon filtration aid (or other filter aids) may also be necessary. If talc is used, it should be pretreated with a dilute acid solution to remove surface alkali and metals. 

Q65 Daunorubicin should be diluted v/ith infusion fluid to a concentration of Img/mL and given over 20 minutes. Daunorubicin is an anthracy-cline antibiotic that is highly irritant to tissues. 

Daunorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic used in chemotherapy. It is diluted with infusion fluid to a concentration of 1 mg/mL and given over 20 minutes to reduce the occurrence of irritation. A liposomal formulation is also available. 

Nickel-containing alloys are used in patients in joint prostheses, sutures, clips, and screws for fractured bones. Corrosion of these implants may lead to elevated nickel levels in the surrounding tissue and to the release of nickel into extracellular fluid (lARC 1990 Sunderman 1989a Sunderman et al. 1986, 1989c). Serum albumin solutions used for intravenous infusion fluids have been reported to contain as... 

The major problem associated with particulate contamination in infusion fluids is not related to the composition itself (since they are mostly pieces of the container and therefore innocuous elements) but to the potential of each particle to cause... 

Isomers of cyclohexanediol were found in 101 of 584 urine samples from newborn babies in a special care unit. The most abundant was ra .s -l,2-cyclohc ancdiol. No glucuronide conjugates were detected. Cyclohexanone was found as a contaminant in dextrose infusion fluids. From the five samples analysed, at an average concentration of 0.89 mg, cyclohexanone would have been delivered in 150 mL dextrose over 24 h (Mills Walker, 1990). 

Solutions in canmon infusion fluids at concentrations of 120 or 500 mg/100 ml were found to be stable for at least one week at room temperature when examined by high pressure liquid and thin layer chranatographyi6... 

Infusion fluids HPLC See cisplatin for details stability [419] [334] [5]... 

E. Rochard, H. Boutelet, E. Gresemann, D. Barthes, and P. Cour-tois, Simultaneous HPLC analysis of carboplatin and cisplatin in infusion fluids, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 76 1505 (1988). 

Jain and Jain reported a HPLC method for the microquantification of nimodipine in intravenous infusion fluids [34]. A column (5 cm x 4.6 mm i.d.) of Shim-pack FLC-ODS was eluted with aqueous 75% methanol as the mobile phase (flow rate of 1 mL/min). Detection was effected at 238 nm. The calibration graph was linear over the range of 5-25 pg/mL, and recoveries were from 98.31 to 100.6%. 

Containers for blood products Disposable syringes Irrigating solution containers Intravenous infusion fluid containers Administration sets Polyvinyl chloride Polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride Nylon (spike), polyvinyl chloride (tubing),... 

The packaging material must not interact with the product either to adsorb substances from the product or to leach chemicals into the product. Plastics contain additives to enhance polymer performance. PVC may contain phthalate diester plasticizer, which can leach into infusion fluids from packaging. Antimicrobial preservatives such as phenylmercuric acetate are known to partition into rubbers and plastics during storage, thus reducing the formulation concentration below effective antimicrobial levels. 

Kraus JJ, Vermeji P. Composition and stability of a metronidazole infusion fluid. Pharm Weekblad 1984 119 1097-1098. 

Beijnen JH, Beijnen-Bandhoe AU, Dubbleman AC, van Gijn R, Underberg VVJM. Chemical and physical stability of etoposide and teniposide in commonly used infusion fluids. 

Vandenbossche GM, De Muynck C, Colardyn F, Remon JP. Light stability of molsidomine in infusion fluids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993 45 486-488. 

Buxten PC, Conduit SM, Hathaway J. Stability of Parenterovite in infusion fluids. Br J Intravenous Ther 1983 4 5,12. 

A serious loss of potency can result from incompatibility between an infusion fluid and a drug that is added to it. Issues of compatibility are complex but specific sources of information are available in manufacturers package inserts, formularies or from the hospital pharmacy (where the addition ought to be made). The general rule... 

In poisoning by a cerebral depressant or after spinal cord trauma, the principal cause of hypotension is low peripheral resistance due to reduced vascular tone. The cardiac output can be restored by simply tilting the patient head-down and by increasing the venous filling pressure by infusing fluid. Vasoactive drugs (noradrenaline, dobutamine) may be beneficial. 

An early example of a patent on membrane contactor for gas transfer is in Ref. [12]. Harvesting of oxygen dissolved in water and discharging of CO2 to the water is presented in Ref. [13]. A membrane device to separate gas bubbles from infusion fluids such as human-body fluids is claimed in Ref. [14]. A hollow fiber membrane device for removal of gas bubbles that dissolve gasses from fluids delivered into a patient during medical procedures is disclosed in Ref. [15]. Membrane contactors have also found application in dissolved gas control in bioreactors discussed in Refs. [16-17]. 

McDonald, C. Faridah, H. Solubilities of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole at various pH values and crystallization of trimethoprim from infusion fluids. J. Parenter. Sci. Technol. 1991, 45, 147-151. 

The classic investigations of Seibert during 1923-1925 established conclusively that injection fevers were caused by heat-stable, filterable components of GNB. Shealso successfully developed a process to consistently produce infusion fluids that could pass rabbit pyrogen assays. 

Hereditary fructose intolerance affects one in 21 000 persons, and there have been more than 12 severe complications caused by these solutions, several lethal. Since a prior history of fructose intolerance is often not obtained, it has been argued that the use of fructose- and sorbitol-containing infusion fluids must be regarded as offering doubtful advantage but carrying definite lethal risk, and that their use should be discontinued. A modified intravenous fructose tolerance test should at least be carried out before infusions of fructose or sorbitol are giveu (8). 

Deans KW, Lang JR, Smith DE. Stability of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole injection in five infusion fluids. American journal of hospital pharmacy. 1982 Oct 39(10) 1681 -4. 

Others have shown that oliguria accompanying lL-2 infusions, responds to low-dose dopamine infusions, fluid resuscitation, and alpha agonists such as phenylephrine [20, 23, 24]. 

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