Sample static

Static sampling systems are defined as those that do not have an active air-moving component, such as the pump, to pull a sample to the collection medium. This type of sampling system has been used for over 100 years. Examples include the lead peroxide candle used to detect the presence of SO2 in the atmosphere and the dust-fall bucket and trays or slides coated with a viscous material used to detect particulate matter. This type of system suffers from inability to quantify the amount of pollutant present over a short period of time, i.e., less than 1 week. The potentially desirable characteristics of a static sampling system have led to further developments in this type of technology to provide quantitative information on pollutant concentrations over a fked period of time. Static sampling systems have been developed for use in the occupational environment and are also used to measure the exposure levels in the general community, e.g., radon gas in residences. 

The advantages of static sampling systems are their portability, convenience, reliability, and low cost. The systems are lightweight and can be attached directly to individuals. Nonstatic sampling systems can, of course, also be attached to individuals, but are less convenient because the person must carry a battery-powered pump and its batteries. Static sampling systems are very reliable, and the materials used limit the costs to acceptable levels. 

Airborne particulates include dust, fume and aerosols. Many such particles are invisible to the naked eye under normal lighting but are rendered visible, by reflection, when illuminated with a strong beam of light. This is the Tyndall effect and use of a dust lamp provides a simple technique for the rapid assessment of whether a dust is present, its flow pattern, leak sources, the effects of ventilation, etc. More sophisticated approaches are needed for quantitative data. Whether personal, spot or static sampling is adopted will depend upon the nature of the information required. 

Static sample The result of the process of static sampling. 

Static sampling The use of a static sampler to determine a particular property. 

Solid-state NMR spectra of 2H, where the main concern is to refocus the reasonably small first-order broadening, are commonly obtained by measuring the quadrupolar echo on a static sample. In such a case, the o pq frequencies can be approximated... 

The technique can be applied to both spinning and static samples, taking advantage of the fact that chemical shifts are proportional to the Larmor frequency while second-order quadrupole couplings are inversely proportional to the Larmor frequency (9). Thus, the spectrum of the CT can be seen as the projection along a specific angle a of a 2D chemical shift/second-order quadrupolar correlation spectrum. The angle a. for a spectrum acquired at u>o is defined as... 

The spin-locking and CP behavior of the most commonly used SQ coherence (CT) in quadrupolar nuclei under static and MAS conditions has been described in detail by Vega using the fictitious spin-1/2 approximation [223]. In a static sample, the Hartmann-Hahn matching condition requires that co = nut where co ut is one of the nutation frequencies associated with the SQ coherence of the quadrupolar S spin (see Sect. 2.3.4). In the simple case of on-resonance SQ-CP this translates to [224]... 

Fig. 11.2 Solid-state 13C NMR spectra of a powder sample of U-13C-15N-glycine illustrating the broad NMR resonances in the static sample (a) and the effects of magic-angle spinning at 5 kHz (b) and 10 kHz (c). Both the chemicalshielding tensors and the homonuclear dipolar coupling...

The following factors are to be observed for valid static sampling... 

The use of the dynamic or static sampling procedure depends not only on the type of the olfactometer used (mobile or stationary) but also on the field of application, and on the expenses (11). In industry dynamic sampling and mobile olfactometers are preferred (10). However, practical limitations often mean that the analysis will be conducted in a laboratory which implies static sampling (12). In agriculture mobile sniff-cars and large panels are usually too expensive. Therefore simple measuring devices like the Mannebeck-Olfactometer TO 4 were introduced (13). 

Both dynamic and static sampling procedures are suitable for taking samples for olfactometric measurements (15), (16). If the olfactometer and the panel are available close to the source dynamic sampling may be preferred. The equipment for preventing condensation in the sampling pipe and contamination of the sampling pipe and the olfactometer by dust should be provided. 

Table II Comparison of static sampling and dynamic sampling on the base of odour...

Figure 2 Static sampling in bags (from GILLARD 1984 (12))...

Figure 4 Forms of static sampling (from VDI-Guideline 3881, part 2, draft, 1984)...

When adsorption and condensation can be avoided, both dynamic and static sampling methods can be used. Often rinsing the sampling apparatus or even the whole olfactometer with odorous air is necessary to reduce adsorption. Before using the static method a comparative study should be carried out if possible. On the other hand extreme fluctuating emissions can only be sampled statically. 

Static samples have to be assessed within 24 hours. 

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