Infections teeth

MTA has been found to give good biological results when used for root-end filling in vivo. It promotes only low peri-radicular inflammation [114] and frequently causes cementum to form on its surface [115], It has also been found to induce the formation of apical hard tissue [116] and, in non-infected teeth, to support almost complete regeneration of the peri-radicular periodontum [117]. Thus, MTA is not only biocompatible, it is also bioactive and generally promotes a positive response in the tissues with which it comes into contact [106,118]. 

Symptoms Early features are vague and include fatigue, loss of appetite, and metallic taste in the mouth. Constipation is the commonest complaint and is sometimes associated with abdominal pain. This may be so severe as to mimic an acute abdominal emergency. Classically, a blue line appears along the margin between the teeth and gums, but this usually occurs only in the presence of infected teeth and is indicative of lead exposure rather than poisoning. 

Nuts have many uses, both industrial and domestic. For instance, the ivory nut, or tagua, is a source material for the manufacture of buttons and turnery articles. The kola nut supplies ingredients for popular cola beverages in the United States (see Carbonated beverages). StTychnos nux-vomica provides the important medicine and poison, strychnine. The areca or betel nut is chewed by the Indian and Malayan people as a narcotic a slice of the nut is placed in a leaf of the pepper plant Piper betle) together with a pinch of lime the mixture is an acrid, astringent narcotic that dyes the mouth red, blackens and destroys the teeth. The areca nut contains, among other alkaloids, arecoline, an active anthelminthic widely used in veterinary practice for the treatment of tapeworm infections. 

The nurse inspects the patient s mouth daily for ulceration of the mucous membranes. A metallic taste may be noted before stomatitis becomes evident. The nurse advises the patient to inform the primary health care provider or nurse if a metallic taste occurs. Good oral care is necessary. The teeth should be brushed after each meal and the mouth rinsed with plain water to remove food particles. Mouthwash may also be used, but excessive use may result in oral infections due to the destruction of the normal bacteria present in the mouth. 

Cat bites are the second most common animal bite, most often occurring in women and elderly individuals. Most involve the hand. Because cats have long, thin teeth that cause puncture wounds, their bites are more likely to become infected than a dog bite. Approximately 50% of cat bites become infected.43,44... 

The signs and symptoms of bulimia are similar to those of anorexia. Other signs may include binge eating and inappopri-ate use of diuretics or laxatives. Cavities or gum infections may develop, or the enamel of the teeth may show signs of being stripped off, because of the frequent exposure to stomach acid. 

Trench mouth (necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis), also called Vincent s infection, usually affects young adults and is considered a form of periodontal disease. If untreated, it can lead to the loss of gum tissue and eventually loss of teeth. Today, there are more effective treatments for trench mouth than KMnO,. 

Chlorhexidine gluconate inhibits the formation of plaque on teeth and is indicated in oral infections and periodontal disease. Long-term use of... 

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 Patients are exposed to recurrent infections and teeth problems such as periodontitis. 

If you develop jaw pain, loose teeth, or signs of oral infection, immediately inform... 

Orodental infection caused by mixed aerobic, anaerobic bacteria including Vincent s infection caused by Fusobac-terium. Tetracycline also prove to be beneficial in peridontal inflammation by scavenging free radicals. Its use in pregnancy, lactation and in children is contraindicated. Its use in dentistry is very much restricted due to its chelating effect on teeth and bones. 

The most common oral condition and dental emergency is dental caries, which is a destructive disease of the hard tissues of the teeth due to bacterial infection with Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria. It is characterized by destruction of enamel and dentine. Dental decay presents as opaque white areas of enamel with grey undertones and in more advanced cases, brownish discoloured cavitations. Dental caries is initially asymptomatic and pain does not occur until the decay impinges on the pulp, and an inflammation develops. Treatment of caries involves removal of the softened and infected hard tissues, sealing of exposed dentines and restoration of the lost tooth structure with porcelain, silver, amalgam, composite plastic, gold etc. 

The oral dosage for rapidly excreted tetracyclines, equivalent to tetracycline hydrochloride, is 0.25-0.5 g four times daily for adults and 20-40 mg/kg/d for children (8 years of age and older). For severe systemic infections, the higher dosage is indicated, at least for the first few days. The daily dose is 600 mg for demeclocycline or methacycline, 100 mg once or twice daily for doxycycline, and 100 mg twice daily for minocycline. Doxycycline is the oral tetracycline of choice because it can be given as a once-daily dose and its absorption is not significantly affected by food. All tetracyclines chelate with metals, and none should be orally administered with milk, antacids, or ferrous sulfate. To avoid deposition in growing bones or teeth, tetracyclines should be avoided in pregnant women and children less than 8 years of age. 

Tetracycline Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit Bacteriostatic activity against susceptible bacteria Infections caused by mycoplasma, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, some spirochetes malaria H pylori acne Oral mixed clearance (half-life 8 h) dosed every 6 h divalent cations impair oral absorption Toxicity Gastrointestinal upset, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity, deposition in bone and teeth... 

Longer term occupational exposure to white phosphorus can result in a condition (phossy jaw) that is potentially life-threatening. Two white phosphorus-related deaths were reported in a study of 71 workers from three plants involved in the production of fireworks (Ward 1928). Both workers developed phossy jaw, a degenerative condition affecting the soft tissue, bones, and teeth of the oral cavity, after chronic exposure to the atmosphere at the factory. It is likely that white phosphorus-related necrosis results from a direct local effect following contact of phosphorus with tissues in the oral cavity. The cause of death in both cases was listed as septicemia, with abscess of a tooth and necrosis of the jaw listed as contributory causes. Thus, death in both cases resulted from infections, probably secondary to the degenerative effects of white phosphorus on the oral cavity (Ward 1928). 

The most characteristic toxic effects of white phosphorus are musculoskeletal effects. Victims of phosphorus poisoning tend to develop necrosis of both bone and soft tissue in the oral cavity. As a result, the j awbone may deteriorate and become brittle, a condition called phossy jaw. Instances of this malady have been reported among workers handling white phosphorus, and it is believed that direct exposure of the mouth and oral cavity have occurred as the result of poor hygiene practices. Those afflicted with phossy jaw tend to develop abscessed teeth, and the sockets remaining from the extraction of teeth heal poorly. Infections of the jaw around teeth accompanied by severe pain are common symptoms of phossy jaw. 

The word arthritis simply means inflammation of the joints and the disease has been recognised as an affliction of the human condition since early times. The Hindus of India wrote about it as long ago as 1000 BC, and Hippocrates in ancient Greece believed it to be a symptom of poisoning which could be relieved by blood letting. A hundred years ago doctors thought it was caused by an infection and one way to treat it was to remove sources of infection from the body, such as teeth, tonsils, and appendix. Today we regard arthritis as an autoimmune disease in which the body s defence mechanism has turned upon itself. 

In India, the spice is used broadly to treat infections in teeth and gums, to prevent and treat throat troubles, congestion of the lungs and pulmonary tuberculosis, inflammation of eyelids and also digestive disorders. 

Correct answer = A. Most urinary tract infections are due to E. coii and can usually be treated with cotrimoxazole. However, this patient is near term and the sulfa in the cotrimoxazole might put the infant at risk due to kernicterus. Thus, the first generation cephalosporin, cefadroxil, is appropriate since it would be effective orally against penicillinase producing E. coii. Ceftriaxone, while it would be effective, would have to be administered parenterally. Penicillin V is not effective against E. coii. Tetracycline deposits in teeth and skeleton of the fetus and is contraindicated. 

The importance of adequate mouthcare to avoid mucositis and possible infective complications (e.g. teeth brushing/mouthwashes). 

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