Infant nutrition

As discussed in section 8.2.5, lysozyme has been isolated from the milk of a number of species human and equine milks are especially rich sources. In view of its antibacterial activity, the large difference in the lysozyme content of human and bovine milks may have significance in infant nutrition. It is claimed that supplementation of baby food formulae based on cows milk with egg-white lysozyme gives beneficial results, especially with premature babies, but views on this are not unanimous. 

Hansen, A. E., Haggard, M. E., Borlsche, A. N., Adam, D.J.D. and Wiese, H. F. 1958. Essential fatty acid in infant nutrition. III. Clinical manifestations of linoleic acid deficiency. J. Nutr. 66, 565-576. 

Mendez, A. and Olano, A. 1979. Lactulose. A review of some chemical properties and applications in infant nutrition and medicine. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 41, 531-535. 

Hertig, D. C. and Drury, E. E. 1969. Vitamin E content of milk, milk products, and simulated milks relevance to infant nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 22, 147-155. 

Valenzuela A. and Nieto M. S. (2001). Docosahexaenoic acid (DFIA) in fetal development and infant nutrition. Revista Med. Chile 129 1203-1211. 

Consumption of soy is common in children and soy-based formulae were introduced in infant nutrition about 80 years ago. Since the 1970s, use of soy-based formulae became common, and in 1980s, U.S. consumption was around 25% of that of cows milk-based formulae (NDA Opinion 2004). Soy is often introduced into the diet from an early age, often as a standard milk formula in healthy children and in children with suspected or proven cows milk allergy as a hypoallergenic substitute. However, this practice is now discouraged since a significant number of children with cows ... 

Von Berg, A., Koletzko, S., Grubl, A., et al. (2003). The effect of hydrolyzed cow s milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life The German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial.. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Ill, 533-534. 

The divalent mineral-binding effect of CPPs can be put in use in applications where one wants to increase the availability for absorption of these minerals in the gut. Drinks with calcium and iron are examples for commercial uses of CPPs examples can be found especially in the Japanese market. Products for children that incorporate calcium or milk minerals and CPPs in sweets or cookies are found in the South Asian market. As mineral accretion is high during early childhood, incorporation of CPPs provides good solubility and availability for absorption of calcium or zinc and thus is worth considering for infant nutrition. Other possible uses are in calcium-enriched dairy products and natural calcium supplements. In addition, dental applications are obvious, since complexes of calcium, CPPs and phosphate may reduce caries in a dose-dependent fashion. 

P. Bratter, I. N. Blasco, V. E. Negretti de Bratter, A. Raab, Speciation as an analytical aid in trace element research in infant nutrition, Analyst, 123 (1998), 821-826. 

There were several new developments during the 1970s. Of particular importance was the purification and characterization of a lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and the acceptance of the postulate that this was the major, if not the only, lipase in cows milk (Olivecrona, 1980). Similarly, the elucidation of the lipase system in human milk as consisting of an LPL and a bile salt-stimulated lipase, and the possible role of the latter in infant nutrition, were noteworthy (Fredrikzon et al, 1978). Also, microbial lipolysis assumed substantial significance with the widespread use of low-temperature storage of raw milk and the recognition that heat-stable lipases produced by psychrotrophic bacteria were a major cause of flavor problems in stored dairy products (Law, 1979). 

Estimation of the vitamm Be requirements of infants presents a problem, and there is a clear need for further research. Human mUk, which must be assumed to be adequate for infant nutrition, provides only 2.5 to 3.5 //g of vitamin Be per g of protein-lower than the requirement for adults. Although their requirement for catabolism of amino acids may be lower than in adults (because they have net new protein synthesis), they must also increase their body content of the vitamin as they grow. Coburn (1994) noted that the requirement for growth in a number of animal species was less than that to maintain saturation of transaminases or rniriimum excretion of tryptophan metabolites after a test dose and was about 15 nmol per g of body weight gain across a range of species. 

Chesney RW, Helms RA, Christensen M, Budreau AM, Han X, and Sturman JA (1998) The role of taurine in infant nutrition. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 442, 463-76. 

Phelps DL (1987) Current perspectives onvitaminE in infant nutrition. Amen cfl /OMr fl/ of Clinical Nutrition 46,187-91. 

Henri Nestl6, a German citizen, scientist and businessman, founded Nestle in Switzerland in 1866. His first product was a "Kindermehl" or "Farine Lact6e, an infant nutrition product made out of milk, flour and sugar to help mothers who where unable to breast feed their children. Meanwhile, Nestis has become the world s leading food company with a turnover of 47.3 billion US in 2001. We produce in 468 factories in 84 countries and employ almost 230 000 people. Our products are sold in practically all countries of the world. 

Nestl6 is the leading company in Soluble Coffee, Infant Nutrition, Confectionery, Dairy, Chocolate, Milk Beverage, Bottled Water and PetCare. We are number 2 in Ice Cream and Breakfast Cereals, and are globally present with the trademarks Nescafe, Nestle, Nestea, Maggi, Purina and Buitoni and give local flavor to our products. Other known Brands are, to mention only a few examples Thorny, Alete, Carnation, Perrier, Vittel, Friskies etc. 

The remainder of this chapter takes on a more "nutritional" aura, ft concerns the concepts of growth and maintenance- The material may be especially intcresling to those involved in infant nutrition, animal science, and weight reduction by low-energy diets. The material reveals the tecliniques used for determining the protein requirement and the recommended daily allow ancc (RDA) for protein. Clinical issues involving protein nutrition, such as renal disease and gput, arc also Outlined. 

Phelps DL (1987) Cunent perspectives on vitamin Fin infant nutrition. American/ourna/ of Clinical Nutrition 46, 187-91. 

This chapter describes the activities performed by the pharmacist as a member of the nutritional support team, which involve a range of tasks from indications, assessment of nutritional state, and the preparation of artificial nutrition for adults and children to concepts on basic dietetics and mother-infant nutrition. Drug-nutrient interaction analysis is another duty. 

The zinc content of human milk is highest in colostrum. The average zinc concentration in human milk is approximately 1.5 /Xg/mL. Fresh cow s milk averages 4 /xg/mL, but human milk is a better source of zinc for infant nutrition because of lower bioavailability of zinc in cow s milk. 

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