Industry venture

When dealing with ordinary industrial operations, profits cannot be predicted with extreme accuracy. In any type of investment a certain amount of risk is always involved, and a chemical venture is an investment. At least moderate risks are involved in most industrial ventures. In general, a 20% return before income taxes would be a minimum acceptable return for such an investment proposition. Therefore the plant proposed here looks promising, and further economic analysis is strongly suggested. 

Johann Josef Loschmidt (1821-1895) attended Prague University, and then at 21 went to Vienna to study first philosophy and mathematics, and then the natural sciences, physics and chemistry. After industrial ventures making potassium nitrate and oxalic acid among other products, he returned to Vienna as a concierge in the early 1850s, and then became a school teacher. Always attracted by theoretical problems, he is also known for his calculation in 1865 of the number of molecules in one mL of gas (the Loschmidt number ). In 1866, he became Privatdozent at the University... 

The geographical location of the final plant can have strong influence on the success of an industrial venture. Considerable care must be exercised in selecting the plant site, and many different factors must be considered. Primarily, the plant should be located where the minimum cost of production and distribution can be obtained, but other factors, such as room for expansion and safe living conditions for plant operation as well as the surrounding community, are also important. 

The development work of Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) men tioned before was the starting point of 2 industrial ventures. Foster Wheeler continued WSL-testing at a 1t/h plant situated in Hartlepool and offers commercial scale units (2 - 5t/h) for specific industrial wastes. [27,28]. 

Private industrial ventures begun by universities or their faculty have created controversy about the appropriate limits of commercial activities on campus. Such startup ventures come in two main varieties 1) commercial ventures established directly by the university to commercialize academic research and to benefit the school financially and 2) firms founded by individual faculty members to commercialize their own research, usually for the financial benefit of the founders and other stockholders. 

Herrouin, G., Lenoble, J., Charles, C., Mauviel, F., Bernard, J., Taine, B. (1987). A manganese nodule industrial venture would be profitable - Summary of a 4-year study in France. Proceedings, 21st Offshore Technical Conference, Paper No. 5997. 

The industry is increasingly acknowledging the value of oontractors and service companies in improving their individual core capabilities through alliances, i.e. a joint venture for a particular project or a number of projects. A lead contractor e.g. a drilling company may form alliances with a number of sub contractors to be able to cover a wider spectrum of activities e.g. completions, workovers and well interventions. 

Because of projected nylon-6,6 growth of 4—10% (167) per year in the Far East, several companies have announced plans for that area. A Rhc ne-Poulenc/Oriental Chemical Industry joint venture (Kofran) announced a 1991 startup for a 50,000-t/yr plant in Onsan, South Korea (168,169). Asahi announced plans for a 15,000-t/yr expansion of adipic acid capacity at their Nobeoka complex in late 1989, accompanied by a 60,000-t/yr cyclohexanol plant at Mizushima based on their new cyclohexene hydration technology (170). In early 1990 the Du Pont Company announced plans for a major nylon-6,6 complex for Singapore, including a 90,000-t/yr adipic acid plant due to start up in 1993 (167). Plans or negotiations for other adipic acid capacity in the area include Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) (171) and BASF-Hyundai Petrochemical (South Korea) (167). Adipic acid is a truly worldwide... 

Data-Star. This is Europe s leading on-line database service (39) and covers worldwide business news, financial information, market research, trade statistics, business analysis, healthcare / pharmaceuticals, chemicals / petrochemicals, chemical industry, biomedicine /life science, biotechnology, and technology, with an emphasis on Europe. It was originally formed as a joint venture among BRS, Predicasts, and Radio Suisse (the Swiss telecommunications company) (37). Data-Star offers access to about 300 bibliographic, abstract, directory, and fuU-text on-line databases, of which approximately 150 are also available on Dialog (40). 

Flame-Retardant Filler. Demand has increased for Mg(OH)2 as a nonhalogenated, flame-retardant filler for thermoplastics used in the aerospace, microelectronics, and cable and wire manufacturing industries (90). Producers of nonhalogenated, flame retardant fillers include Kyowa, Aluisuisse-Lonza (Magnifin product line), Morton, and a Dead Sea Periclase/Dead Sea Bromine joint venture (91). 

The second PPS process practiced commercially was developed by Kureha Chemical Industry Company. Kureha has built a commercial PPS plant in Nishiki, Fukushima (46), and has formed a joint venture, Fortron Industries, with Hoechst Celanese (47). Fortron Industries has completed a commercial PPS plant at Hoechst Celanese s plant in Wilmington, North Carolina. Fortron Industries represents the only other PPS producer in North America. Figure 3 shows a flow diagram for the Kureha PPS process. 

These discoveries were followed by two key publications describing the work that marked the beginning of the commercial siUcone industry (18,19). Production increased rapidly with the need for siUcones in World War II. In 1943, the Dow Corning Corp. was formed in Midland, Michigan, as a joint venture between Corning Glass and Dow Chemical. In 1947 GE opened a plant in Waterford, New York, for manufacture of siUcones, and in 1949 Union Carbide opened a siUcone manufacturing plant in Tonawanda, New York. 

The friction material industry consists of several large organizations having many divisions, as well as more than 60 smaller companies. The primary supphers approximate worldwide market share, trade names, and joint ventures/Hcensees (jv/l) as of mid-1991 were AUied-Signal (21%) Bendix,... 

PPS resins must compete with PEI and phenoHcs. There are two domestic manufacturers of poly(phenylene sulfide) Phillips and Fortron Industries. Worldwide there is currently large overcapacity (Table 15). Four Japanese companies, ie, Toso Susteel, a joint venture of Toso/Hodogaya Chemical Toray Toprene, a joint venture of Toto Kasei/Toren Petrochemical and Kureha Chemical have a combined capacity of 82,500 t. U.S. agents sell their materials in the U.S. markets General Electric sells for Toso Susteel Soltex Polymer, part of Solvay, Belgium, sells for Toprene Hoechst-Celanese sells for Kureha. Prices for PPS resins and compounds range from 8.80/kg for unreinforced resin to 3.30/kg for 65% filled resins. 

There are two main processes for the synthesis of ethyl alcohol from ethylene. The eadiest to be developed (in 1930 by Union Carbide Corp.) was the indirect hydration process, variously called the strong sulfuric acid—ethylene process, the ethyl sulfate process, the esterification—hydrolysis process, or the sulfation—hydrolysis process. This process is stiU in use in Russia. The other synthesis process, designed to eliminate the use of sulfuric acid and which, since the early 1970s, has completely supplanted the old sulfuric acid process in the United States, is the direct hydration process. This process, the catalytic vapor-phase hydration of ethylene, is now practiced by only three U.S. companies Union Carbide Corp. (UCC), Quantum Chemical Corp., and Eastman Chemical Co. (a Division of Eastman Kodak Co.). UCC imports cmde industrial ethanol, CIE, from SADAF (the joint venture of SABIC and Pecten [Shell]) in Saudi Arabia, and refines it to industrial grade. 

Equate, a joint venture between Petroleum Industrial Corporation in Kuwait and Union Carbide Corporation, built a grass-roots petrochemical... 

The first commercially available acetal resin was marketed by Du Pont in 1959 under the trade name Delrin after the equivalent of ten million pounds had been spent in research or polymers of formaldehyde. The Du Pont monopoly was unusually short lived as Celcon, as acetal copolymer produced by the Celanese Corporation, became available in small quantities in 1960. This material became commercially available in 1962 and later in the same year Farbwerke Hoechst combined with Celanese to produce similar products in Germany (Hostaform). In 1963 Celanese also combined with the Dainippon Celluloid Company of Osaka, Japan and Imperial Chemical Industries to produce acetal copolymers in Japan and Britain respectively under the trade names Duracon and Alkon (later changed to Kematal). In the early 1970s Ultraform GmbH (a joint venture of BASF and Degussa) introduced a copolymer under the name Ultraform and the Japanese company Asahi Chemical a homopolymer under the name Tenal. 

Newcomen came from the ranks of practical tradesmen, unlike many industrial inventors who tended to be noblemen, philosophers and royal proteges. The Newcomen family had had an impressive lineage and had held its manor from the twelfth cen-tuiy until misfortune dropped them into obscurity four centuries later. Yet, a work ethic was instilled by Newcomen s grandfather, who became a merchant venturer (owning several ships), a freeholder of Dartmouth, treasurer for his town, and a staunch Parliamentarian. Elias Newcomen, the father of Thomas, was also a freeholder and a merchant of Dartmouth, trading to distant areas with a ship that he had inherited. 

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