Secrecy

Information and documentation of a project are usually subject to secrecy, or have to be treated confidentially. The confidential treatment of project information is in the interest of both operator and plant manufacturer. Both parties want to protect their know-how against competitors. In this case, a contractual clause such as the following wiU be helpful  

Information and documentation acquired within the framework of this contract shall be treated confidentially by both employer and contractor. Without the approval of the other party, neither employer nor contractor is entitled 

However, third parties in terms of this clause are neither employees of the contract partner, nor professional consultants or experts who are required to have knowledge about confidential information and documents for the execution of the contract. Contractor and employer will bind the parties mentioned above by confidentiality. 

Excepted from this rule is information required to be disclosed due to statutory provisions, legal orders, authority regulations, final court decisions or within the context of approval procedures or legal proceedings. 

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Upon the United States entry into World War 1 in 1917, helium became a war material of first priority. Helium was sought to replace hydrogen as the lifting gas in lighter-than-air craft for military use. As a war material, helium became a government monopoly, was given a code name, and was shrouded in secrecy. By the war s end, quantities of helium had been produced, but none had reached combat. 

Another form of misappropriation is the disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without consent, by a person who used "improper means" to acquire knowledge of the trade secret. "Improper means" generally include theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy, or espionage. 

Determining the exact consumption of antistatic products is difficult due to commercial secrecy. The world consumption for hydrophilic-type antistatic agents has been estimated for 1983 at 11,400 t, with an average growth rate of about 6.0% per y (146). The estimated average consumption of hydrophilic-type antistatic agents in the United States over time is given in Table 9. 

A typical confidentiality disclosure agreement or secrecy agreement addresses ... 

What confidentiality and/or secrecy agreements are needed to protect both parties ... 

Answer this question only after you have completed the rest of the report. The specific identity of the toxic chemical being reported in Part III, Sections 1.2 and 1.3, may be designated as trade secret. If you are making a trade secret claim, mark yes" and proceed to Section 1.2. Only check "Yes" if it is your manufacturing, processing, or use of the chemical that is a trade secret. (See page 1 of these instructions for specific information on trade secrecy claims.) ff you checked "no," proceed to Section 1.3 do not answer Section 1.2. 

In this penod of mtense development cloaked in industrial secrecy, not all manufacturers have declared the routes they chose for their mitial production plants Preferred long-term processes are even less clear In some cases, the technologies that sufficed for the production of chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocar-bons would be pushed to theu limits as processes for the replacements For example... 

Whereas for organic SEC column technology a particular type of bead (PS/ DVB) is used almost universally, in the field of aqueous SEC there have been a variety of approaches to derive polymeric beads suitable for the application. For this reason there is more secrecy about the chemical composition of the packing materials and columns produced by different manufacturers. 

Geheimnis, /. secret, secrecy, mystery, geheimnisvoll, a. mysterious, mystic, occult. Geheim-rat, m, privy councilor, -schrift, /. secret writing, code, cipher, -tinte, /. invisible ink. 

For a molder to control secrecy concerning proprietary information, the first approach is to keep it as a personal secret. If people have to be exposed to it, such as present or new employees, visitors, and customers since there exists a need to know, those people should sign a nondisclosure agreement. This agreement could set up problems since a person could already be familiar with the so-called secret. 

Anyone working in a laboratory wOl have access to information that is not public. If the employer is engaged in development work, for instance, news of such work should be confidential. A new employee may be required to sign a secrecy agreement under which all developments made by the employee become the company s exclusive property. When signing such an agreement, the author made certain that some formulation principles which he had developed prior to employment with that company were excluded. 

An analytical laboratory receiving samples of products under development by a client will often become aware of what the client is working on. Secrecy is mandatory in such cases. In fact, having a secrecy agreement will usually be preferable. Both client and laboratory personnel will then be able to discuss the project freely among themselves. 

Trade secret protection is probably the weakest of all intellectual property rights. The US Uniform Trade Secret Act defines a trade secret as information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program device, method, technique, or process, that (1) derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use and (2) is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy [33]. 

Written in France in the late 1750s and published in London in 1806. The original document was written in the hand of Nicolas Flamel in a coded alphabet consisting of 96 letters. It was written in secrecy and intended only for his nephew. A Parisian scribe named Father Pernetti and a Monsieur de Saint Marc were finally able to break the code... 

Principe, Lawrence M. Robert Boyle s alchemical secrecy codes, ciphers and concealments. Ambix 39, no. 2 (Jul 1992) 63-74. 

Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter. "From the secrecy of alchemy to the openness of chemistry." In Solomon s house revisited the organization and institutionalization of science, ed. Tore Frangsmyr, 75-94. Canton (MA) Science History Publications, 1990. 

Faivre, Antoine. "The notions of concealment and secrecy in modern esoteric currents since the Renaissance (a methodological approach)." In Rending the veil concealment and secrecy in the history of religions, ed. Elliott R. Woilfson, 155-176. 

Frankland s lifelong affection for his teacher stands in stark contrast to his opinion of his biological father. By the time Frankland was a teenager, he almost certainly knew his father s identity and his mother s need for total secrecy. The boy may even have met his father. But Frankland coolly distanced himself from the man and said tersely, He took no interest whatever in my education or training and therefore directly exerted no influence over me. ... 

At 26, Frankland had attained a considerable degree of professional success and seemed outwardly secure. The need for total secrecy about his father s identity had left its mark, though. He was excruciatingly shy and was a poor speaker who later had to be dragged into accepting public office. Throughout his life, he sought social acceptance, financial security—and personal obscurity. 

As nylon and the plastics revolution became a part of modern life, the figure of Carothers receded tragically into the shadows. The horror of his death, the social stigma attached to mental illness and suicide, and prevailing social codes that discouraged the discussion of personal tragedies contributed to an atmosphere of secrecy that surrounded his life. As late as 1979, the Encyclopaedia Britannica credited Father Nieuwland with the discovery of Neoprene. 

Another way to protect a competitive edge for a new product is to protect it by secrecy. The formula for Coca-Cola has been kept a secret for over 100 years. Potentially, there is no time limit on such protection. However, for the protection through secrecy to be viable, competitors must not be able to reproduce the product from chemical analysis. This is likely to be the case only for certain classes of specialty and food products for which the properties of... 

Since the student will build neither, and since the professor probably cannot answer certain questions because of secrecy agreements or lack of knowledge, the student must learn to live with uncertainty. He will also learn how to defend his own views, and how to present material so as to obtain a favorable response from others. These learning experiences, coupled with exposure to the process of design as distinct from that of analysis and synthesis, are the major purposes of an introductory design course. 

The industrial case study presented in this section is taken from the petrochemicals industry. The project is in the design phase and as such the design model will be used to determine the design which leads to the minimum capital cost, while using the PIS operational philosophy. For secrecy reasons the example has been modified and the names of the raw materials and products have been changed to the generic form. 

The second mathematical formulation presented, is a design model based on the PIS operational philosophy. This formulation is an MINLP model due to the capital cost objective function. The model is applied to a literature example and an improved design is achieved when compared to the flowsheet. The design model is then applied to an industrial case study from the phenols production facility to determine its effectiveness. The data for the case study are subject to a secrecy agreement and as such the names and details of the case study are altered. 

Explosives of all types are made for commercial and military purposes in many countries throughout the world. It is, however, difficult to obtain any figures which give a worthwhile idea of the magnitude of the explosives industry. Military explosives are usually made under conditions of secrecy and no figures of output are published. Even for commercial explosives published figures are scanty and vary considerably from country to country. Data which are available are given in Table 1.1. 

Levin8 prepared a survey for research and development R D heads in which they were asked about the effectiveness of different methods for protecting products and processes patents, industrial secrecy, rapidity in the learning curve and sales efforts. The results showed that product patents were considered to be more effective than process patents, but in general all the other methods were regarded as more effective than the protection provided by patents, in a general survey that was not addressed to any particular sector. 

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