Dependent demand

At times, the process stream flow must be increased after the initial installation to satisfy production demands. Depending on the magnitude of the increase, the existing system may or may not be able to handle the added flow. If it can, regeneration frequency must increase. Adding more resin to the column is often considered an alternative to installing another column. Resin addition lessens the space for backwash and may be a cause for poor column performance. 

For businesses the demand for energy is the demand for a factor of production. Its demand depends on the price ol the energy demanded (P) as well as the price of its output (P ), technology (T) and prices of other factors of production—land, labor, and capital—that might be substitutes (P,) nr complements (PJ in consumption. Environmental policy (E, ) might also affect the demand for fuel. If this is aggregate business demand for energy the number of businesses is also relevant. 

Diesel demand for this pretreatment step is estimated between 1.8 and 9.5 kWh/ ton input [15-17]. This demand depends on how well the system equipped and on the number of machine using diesel. For calculation, mean value of diesel demand is used 5.6 kWh/ton input waste. 

This center is designed to control and manage the connected houses on the specified demand. Depending on the type of alert or action the owner will immediately be informed by SMS or email while the SSC will already be taking action. 

P.R.184 is used especially in applications where P.R.57 1 fails the requirements for alkali, acid, or soap fastness, or where the pigment lake is not lightfast enough to satisfy the demand. Depending on the standard depth of shade, the lightfastness of P.R.184 exceeds that of P.R.57 1 by approximately one step on the Blue Scale. Excellent fastness to solvents makes P.R.184 a suitable candidate for letterpress... 

Another consideration connected with these multiple effects is the optimum placement of the ozonation stages within a whole treatment scheme. The efficiency of every ozonation unit and the ozone demand depend on the water and waste water quality produced by the preceding process units (e. g. particle removal or biodegradation). Ozonation will also have pronounced effects downstream in the treatment sequence, e. g. improved biodegradation of dissolved organics. 

The growth rate of polymer production is determined by two factors demand and technology. Demand depends on economy. In 1970 domestic production stayed at almost the 1969 level, as Figure 1 illustrates. In 1971 it grew 8. These values represented a significant... 

With respect to MTM services, promotion plays an essential role in the translation of needs into wants and demands. Depending on the individual situation, all elements of the promotion mix may have a role in communicating the value of a pharmaceutical service, and pharmacists should evaluate all of them for implementation and use. McDonough and Doucette (2003) provide an excellent discussion of the use of personal selling, a practice that can be very effective but often is not considered by pharmacists for a variety of reasons, including pharmacists discomfort with this role. 

Generally, the start-up energy demand depends on the weight and heat capacity of the devices under consideration. 

Lithium concentration in seawater does not exceed 0.17 mg/L. Nevertheless, the ocean is considered to be the most promising source of this element in the near future [107]. The overall inventory of lithium in the world s oceans is approximately 2.6x 10 tons [2]. With lithium so accessible, continual growth of lithium demand depends solely on new developments and expansion of its recovery from sea. 

The eneigy demand depends on reflux ratio reboil ratio Rq, respectively. Both quantities cannot fall below minimum values. Hence, rectification columns have a minimum energy demand. In practice rectification columns are operated with an energy surplus of 10%-20%. 

The energy demand depends on reflux and reboil ratio, respectively, that must not fall below a limiting value, called minimum reflux or minimum reboil ratio. For boiling liquid feed (5.2-28) holds... 

Protection from heat, flame, molten metal splashes, severe cold and frost, radiation sources, and so on are prime requirements for both civil and defence applications. The conditions influencing demand depend upon specific environmental hazards, the degree of protection, the level of comfort, the durability of the garments, aesthetics and sociological factors, such as legislation, user/consumer awareness of possible hazards, and so on. ... 

The Eulerian-Eulerian method is more popular because memory storage requirements and computer power demand depend on the number of computational cells considered instead of the number of particles. Hence, the Eulerian-Eulerian approach can be applied to cases for low and high superficial gas velocities. The disadvantage of using the Eulerian-Eulerian method is that the bubble-bubble and bubble-liquid interactions cannot be considered as straightforward as the Eulerian-Lagrangian method, and models for these interactions are typically applied. 

Specimen preparation. The specimen preparation is always a very important problem in any method used in TEM. As stated by Steeds [25], for CBED the specimen preparation is more or less demanding depending in the considered objective. The crystallographic information is easily disturbed by artefacts, defects or interfaces with other phases. The carbon extraction replica technique has proved to be successful for CBED, in this sense this technique is good for examining powdered particles when they are separated from other phases. Another advantage of the extraction is that strain from the matrix is released. 

In all of the papers we consider, price is a decision variable, where customer demand depends on the price chosen. Thus, we do not review papers where demand is completely exogeneous to the process (see [27] for instance, which examines papers in the area of contracting). The firm must also have some control over the inventory or production decisions, thus enabling the coordination with pricing. 

While many researchers assume that demand is a function of price, Datta and Paul [42] consider the case where demand depends on both price and the existing level of stock (and thus the shelf space). This situation might occur in the fashion industry for perishable grocery items, and in these cases the demand would tend to increase with a higher stock level. Other researchers who consider demand as a function of price and inventory include Rajan et al [125] (with shrinkage and a different functional demand form) and Smith and Achabal [136] (clearance pricing of initial inventory with different cost assumptions). 

In Smith et al [137], the authors develop a model to plan promotions and advertising, and use scenarios to represent market conditions. The decisions of the firm are the promotion price and the ad size or cost, where the ads are limited by a budget. The deterministic demand depends on the price as well as the ad type, and demand scenarios occur with some probability specified by the user. With additional constraints such as a limit on the number of markdowns. 

The objective functions discussed above take a cost minimization perspective and are appropriate when the jobs to be served are exogenously determined. When order acceptance is also a decision (or equivalently, if the demand depends on quoted lead times), then the objective is to maximize profit ... 

The form of the demand function specified in Assumption 1 is used extensively in the operations and economics literature (see Petruzzi and Dada 1999 and references therein). Under this assumption, only the mean demand depends on and the uncertainty is captured by an error term e. The first part of Assumption 2 is standard in marketing models (see page 265 in Lilien et al. 1992). We add the conditions that guarantee the existence of the nondegenerate (interior) solution, which is needed for the comparisons of the models. Assumption 3 is supported by empirical evidence from the marketing literature (see, for example, Simon and Arndt 1980 and Aaker and Carman 1982). 

Antioxidants are expensive, so although their sales are small in volume terms they are much larger by value, about six times those of antimicrobials for plastics. The demand depends considerably on polyolefins, sales of which have been growing faster than those of most other resin types. In 2000, global sales of antioxidants in polymers were valued at US 1.35 billion. Phenolics accounted for the majority ( 670 M), phosphites for 470M, and thioesters and various other types for 200 M, according to BRG Townsend. 

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