Industrial exposure effects

In additional EPA studies, subchronic inhalation was evaluated ia the rat for 4 and 13 weeks, respectively, and no adverse effects other than nasal irritation were noted. In the above-mentioned NTP chronic toxicity study ia mice, no chronic toxic effects other than those resulting from bronchial irritation were noted. There was no treatment-related increase ia tumors ia male mice, but female mice had a slight increase in bronchial tumors. Neither species had an increase in cancer. Naphthalene showed no biological activity in other chemical carcinogen tests, indicating Htde cancer risk (44). No incidents of chronic effects have been reported as a result of industrial exposure to naphthalene (28,41). 

The hazards of chemicals are commonly detected in the workplace first, because exposure levels there are higher than in the general environment. In addition, the exposed population is well known, which allows early detection of the association between deleterious health effects and the exposure. The toxic effects of some chemicals, such as mercury compounds and soot, have been known already for centuries. Already at the end of the eighteenth century, small boys who were employed to climb up the inside of chimneys to clean them suffered from a cancer of the scrotum due to exposure to soot. This was the first occupational cancer ever identified. In the viscose industry, exposure to carbon disulfide was already known to cause psychoses among exposed workers during the nineteenth century. As late as the 1970s, vinyl chloride was found to induce angiosarcoma of the liver, a tumor that was practically unknown in ocher instances. ... 

Cadmium, in trace amounts, is common in our foods, and as we age, our bodies cannot eliminate it effectively, so cadmium poisoning may result. The symptoms of mild poisoning are burning of the eyes, irritation of the mouth and throat, and headaches. As the intoxication increases, there may be severe coughing, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. There is a 15% chance of death from cadmium poisoning. The main risk from cadmium poisoning comes from industrial exposure—not from a healthy diet. 

EHC monographs examine the physical and chemical properties and analytical methods sources of environmental and industrial exposure and environmental transport kinetics and meta-bohsm including absorption, distribution, transformation, and elimination short- and long-term effects on animals, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and finally, an evaluation of risks for human health and the effects on the environment. 

Most cases of intoxication from industrial exposure have been mild, with rapid onset of eye irritation, headache, sneezing, and nausea weakness, light-headedness, and vomiting may also occur. Acute exposure to high concentrations may produce profound weakness, asphyxia, and death. Acrylonitrile is metabolized to cyanide by hepatic microsomal reactions. Deaths from acute poisoning result from inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity by metabolically liberated cyanide. Inhalation of more moderate concentrations for a longer period of time leads to damage to the liver tissues in addition to central nervous system (CNS) effects. ... 

No systemic effects have been reported from industrial exposure. At an average concentration of 3.4ppm in an onion dehydrating plant there was irritation of eyes, nose, and throat in some workers. ... 

Ingestion of the liquid has produced central nervous system depression with coma and loss of reflexes at doses in the range of 150mg/kg smaller doses have led to listlessness, headache, and vertigo 300mg/kg is considered to be the approximate lethal dose in humans. Chronic effects have not been reported from industrial exposure. 

No effects have been reported from industrial exposures. 

Dermatitis and conjunctivitis are occasionally observed in chemical workers after prolonged exposure. No systemic effects from industrial exposure have been reported. 

Chronic effects from industrial exposure have not been reported, although skin absorption is said to occur. In liquid form this substance may cause frostbite. 

Exposure. Inhalation skin absorption. Data on toxic effects are reported chiefly from industrial exposures to ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN)-NG mixed vapors. 

Workers exposed to unspecified concentrations developed slight irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Systemic effects have not been reported from industrial exposure. 

Exposure of workers to fumes from hot hexachloroethane resulted in blepharospasm, photophobia, lacrimation, and reddening of the conjunctiva but no corneal injury or permanent damage. No chronic effects have been reported from industrial exposure, although significant skin absorption is said to occur. ... 

There are no systemic effects reported from industrial exposure. Experimental expo-... 

Some of the effects of acute arsenic intoxication are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and irritation inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes and skin and kidney damage. Among the effects of chronic arsenic poisoning are increased pigmentation and keratinization of the skin, dermatitis, and epidermoid carcinoma. Other effects seen after ingestion, but which are not common from industrial exposure, are muscular paralysis, visual dismrbances, and liver and kidney damage. ... 

Cases of toxic encephalopathy and macro-qAic anemia have been reported from industrial exposures that may have been as low as 60 ppm. Symptoms were headache, drowsiness, lethargy, and weakness. Manifestations of central nervous system instability included ataxia, dysarthria, tremor, and somnolence. These effects were usually reversible. In acute exposures, the central nervous system effects were the more pronounced, whereas prolonged exposure to lower concentrations primarily produced evidence of depression of erythrocyte formation. When exposure was reduced to 20 ppm, no further cases occurred. 

Toxicology. 1-Nitropropane vapor is an irritant of the eyes in animals it also causes liver damage and mild respiratory tract irritation. There are no reports of systemic effects from industrial exposures. 

Although inhalation of sodium hydroxide is usually of secondary importance in industrial exposures, the effects from the dust or mist will vary from mild irritation of the nose at 2 mg/m ... 

No systemic effects have been reported from industrial exposure. Some inorganic tin compounds can cause skin or eye irritation because of acid or alkaline reaction produced with water. Tin tetrachloride, stannous chloride, and stannous sulfate are strong acids sodium and potassium stannate are strong... 

Industrial exposure to tricbloronaphthalene (usually mixed with tetrachloronaphtha-lene) has been relatively free of untoward effects compared witb tbe more bigbly chlorinated naphthalenes. No fatal cases of liver injury have been reported, but one instance of toxic hepatitis supposedly resulted from exposure to 3mg/m Altbougb there are several reports of chloracne from exposure to tricbloronaphthalene, they do not stand up well to critical analysis. Experiments on human volunteers showed that the mist was entirely nonacneigenic as opposed to the penta- and hexachloro derivatives, which produce severe chloracne. ... 

Reed CE A study of the effects on the lung of industrial exposure to zirconium dusts. AMA Arch Ind Health 13 578-580, 1956... 

The Committee analyzed published studies describing the In vivo and in vitro properties of the agents used and reviewed short-term data collected by the U.S. Army on volunteers. The ability to provide definitive answers to the questions raised by the charge to the Committee was limited by the absence of long-term followup studies of the soldiers and by the sparseness of chronic effects studies of these compounds In animals or In humans after industrial exposure. 

The principal routes of industrial exposure are dermal and inhalation. Occasionally toxic agents may be ingested, if food or drinking water is contaminated. Exposure to the skin often leads to localized effects known as occupation dermatosis caused by either irritating chemicals or allergenic chemicals. Such effects include scaling,... 

Once illustrated on a map of the industry s effluent plume, the ZPE can be seen visually as larger or smaller than the area of the plume defined by the isopleth for the 1% concentration of effluent (EC, 1999). A ZPE should be estimated for each test species and then illustrated on a site map. As well, it is possible to compare the zones of potential effect for sublethal tests with the locations of exposure areas (generally the near-field) that have been or are to be sampled for fish and benthic invertebrates. This comparison illustrates the relationship between the sublethal tests and potential industry related effects observed in field measurements of fish and benthic invertebrates. 

Sulfuric acid is a severely corrosive poison and dehydrating agent in the concentrated liquid form. It readily penetrates skin to reach subcutaneous tissue and causes tissue necrosis, with effects resembling those of severe thermal bums. Sulfuric acid fumes and mists can act as irritants to eye and respiratory tract tissue. Industrial exposure has caused tooth erosion in workers. 

Much of the information about the harmful effects of organic solvents comes from studies of industrial exposure, although toluene abuse through sniffing of glues and other household sources of solvents (acrylic paints, adhesive cements, aerosol paints, lacquer thinners, shoe polish, typewriter correction fluids, varnishes, and fuels) has also been widely reported. 

Anesthesia. Alaterials that have unquestionable anesthetic properties are cliloral hydrate [302-17-0]y paraldehyde, dimethoxymethane [109-87-5jy and acetaldehyde diethyl acetal. In industrial exposures, however, any action as an anesthesia is overshadowed by effects as a primary irritant, which prevent voluntary inhalation of any significant quantities. The small quantities which can be tolerated by inhalation are usually metabolized so rapidly that no anesthetic symptoms occur. 

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