Occupational cancer

Zahm SH, Ward MH, Blair A. 1997. Pesticides and cancer. Occup Med 12 269-289. 

Morris J, Densem JW, Wald NJ, et al Occupational exposure to hydrazine and subsequent risk of cancer. Occup Environ Med 52(1) 43 5, 1995... 

Stewart, PA NCI, NIH Studies of occupational cancer—occupational exposure assessment Division of Cancer Etiology... 

Lash TL, Crouch EAC, Green LC. 1997. A meta-analysis of the relation between cumulative exposure to asbestos and relative risk of lung cancer. Occup Environ Med 54 254-263. 

Chronic-Duration Exposure and Cancer. Occupational exposure to metallic mercury vapors has been reported to result in adverse cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, ocular, immunological, and reproductive health effects (Barregard et al. 1988, 1990 Bencko et al. 1990 Bidstrup et al. 1951 Buchet et al. 1980 Cardenas et al. 1993 Cordier et al. 1991 Danziger and Possick 1973 Ehrenberg et al. 1991 ... 

The purpose of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. The CDC provides limited information on occupational safety and health. For example, their web page has information about accident causes and prevention, back belts, cancer—occupational exposure, effects of workplace hazards on male reproductive health, latex allergies, needle stick, occupational injiuies, teen workers, and violence in the workplace (see website http //www.cdc.gov). The Center for Health Statistics is located within CDC and provides basic health statistics on the U.S. population. This information is used to identify potential occupational health risks by occupational health researchers (see website http / / WWW.cdc.gov/nchs). 

California Ergonomic Standard, 1166 Call Center MAESTRO, 2461 Call centers (customer service), 658, 659 CAM, see Computer-aided manufacturing CAM-1 automated process planning system (CAPP), 474-475 Canada, quahty standards in, 1968 Cancers, occupational, 1169 CAN Financid, 654 Cantilever racks, 1523 Capability analysis ... 

Demedts M, Gheysens B, Nagels J, Verbeken E, Lauweryns J, ven der Eeckhout A (1984) Cobalt lung in diamond polishers. Am Rev Respir Dis 130 130-135 De Klerk NH, Musk AW, Eccles JL, Hansen J, Hobbs M8T (1996) Exposure to crocidolite and the incidence of different histological types of lung cancer. Occup Environ Med 53 157-159... 

J. C. Contassot and co-workers, "Epidemiological Study of Cancer Morbidity Among Workers Exposed to Hydrazine," poster presented at the XXII International Congress on Occupational Health, in Sydney, AustraUa, Sept.—Oct., 1987. 

For radiation doses <0.5 Sv, there is no clinically observable iacrease ia the number of cancers above those that occur naturally (57). There are two risk hypotheses the linear and the nonlinear. The former implies that as the radiation dose decreases, the risk of cancer goes down at roughly the same rate. The latter suggests that risk of cancer actually falls much faster as radiation exposure declines. Because risk of cancer and other health effects is quite low at low radiation doses, the iacidence of cancer cannot clearly be ascribed to occupational radiation exposure. Thus, the regulations have adopted the more conservative or restrictive approach, ie, the linear hypothesis. Whereas nuclear iadustry workers are allowed to receive up to 0.05 Sv/yr, the ALARA practices result ia much lower actual radiatioa exposure. 

W. C. Hueper, Occupational and Environmental Cancers of the Urinary System, Yale University Press, New Haven, Coim., 1969, p. 216. 

Alderson, M.R. (1986J Occupational Cancer, Butterworths, London. 

The benefit of a prospective cohort study is the possibility for accurate exposure assessment. However, these are not common, because many occupational diseases (including cancers which are being intensely investigated currently) require long exposure times to develop. It is not practical or ethical to wait for decades before one obtains the result. 

Hoar Zahm et Selected cancer sites Printing occupations M 21/41 1.1 0.6-1.9 Adjusted for age, smoking... 

The hazards of chemicals are commonly detected in the workplace first, because exposure levels there are higher than in the general environment. In addition, the exposed population is well known, which allows early detection of the association between deleterious health effects and the exposure. The toxic effects of some chemicals, such as mercury compounds and soot, have been known already for centuries. Already at the end of the eighteenth century, small boys who were employed to climb up the inside of chimneys to clean them suffered from a cancer of the scrotum due to exposure to soot. This was the first occupational cancer ever identified. In the viscose industry, exposure to carbon disulfide was already known to cause psychoses among exposed workers during the nineteenth century. As late as the 1970s, vinyl chloride was found to induce angiosarcoma of the liver, a tumor that was practically unknown in ocher instances. ... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been classified as human carcinogens because they induce cancers in experimental animals and because smoking and exposure to mixtures of chemicals containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the workplace increase the risk of lung cancer in exposed individuals. In experimental animals, benzo(a)pyrene induces cancer in different organs depending on the route of administration.Furthermore, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons commonly occurs in occupations related to traffic (use of diesel engines in transportation and railways). 

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