Industrial apphcation

Corrosion Resistant Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP). Fiber glass reinforcement bonded with furfuryl alcohol thermosetting resias provides plastics with unique properties. Excellent resistance to corrosion and heat distortion coupled with low flame spread and low smoke emission are characteristics that make them valuable as laminating resins with fiber glass (75,76). Another valuable property of furan FRP is its strength at elevated temperature. Hand-layup, spray-up, and filament-win ding techniques are employed to produce an array of corrosion-resistant equipment, pipes, tanks, vats, ducts, scmbbers, stacks, and reaction vessels for industrial appHcations throughout the world. 

There is no official or universally accepted definition of what constitutes a "microemulsion." In fact, for several years, some leading scientists in microemulsion research considered the term to be an unnecessary and even an unfortunate one. Nevertheless (Table 1), during the years from about 1975 to 1980 the word ascended from obscurity to ubiquity. By the end of 1996 there were 13 widely available Knglish-language books (1 9) with the word "Microemulsion" in their tides (10). About 70 more books on surfactants are in print, of which those on industrial appHcations (9,11—18), and environmental effects (19—21) are of particular interest here. 

Industrial appHcations often require that bulk materials or Hquids be weighed in hoppers, silos, tanks, or reactor vessels, referred to collectively as vessels. Because they come in such a wide variety of si2es, shapes, and capacities, scales using these vessels as load receivers are not typically available as standard products. Vessels are usually custom-fabricated to suit a particular appHcation, then mounted on a scale. Some can be mounted on a standard scale such as a bench, portable, or floor scale. More typically, a number of weigh modules are used to support the vessel. This offers the scale designer great flexibiHty but certain precautions are necessary in order to constmct an accurate scale. Some of the more important factors associated with the design of vessel scales are discussed herein. 

The protein fraction is filtered and dried to become high (60%) protein content com gluten meal. The starch slurry can be dewatered and dried to produce regular com starch. Dry starch can be sold as is or heat treated in the presence of acid catalysts to produce dextrins. Or, it is chemically modified before dewatering and drying to produce modified starches used in food and industrial appHcations. Lasdy, it can be hydroly2ed to produce corn sweeteners. 

Mol ding of parts for a wide variety of plumbing and irriga tion appHcations consumes as much acetal resin as the industrial appHcations. Rod and slab stock can be machined into components for precision flow control devices. 

Acetal resins are also used extensively in transportation, especially automotive. Handles and internal components (gears, gear racks, cables) for window lifts and other similar devices are examples. Most of the appHcations which do not involve painting or plating are below the window line. Many common consumer items are manufactured essentially entirely from acetal resin (eg, disposable lighters) or have critical components molded from acetal resin (eg, hubs and platforms for videocassettes). The properties that make acetal resins useful in industrial appHcations make them useful for internal components, especially mechanical drive systems, of many household appHances. 

Hexanetriol, is used in a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry appHcations and is currendy viewed as an alternative to glycerol as... 

Other uses of ABS include consumer and industrial appHcations such as luggage, toys, medical devices, furniture, shower stalls, and bathroom fixtures. 

Extraction, a unit operation, is a complex and rapidly developing subject area (1,2). The chemistry of extraction and extractants has been comprehensively described (3,4). The main advantage of solvent extraction as an industrial process Hes in its versatiHty because of the enormous potential choice of solvents and extractants. The industrial appHcation of solvent extraction, including equipment design and operation, is a subject in itself (5). The fundamentals and technology of metal extraction processes have been described (6,7), as has the role of solvent extraction in relation to the overall development and feasibiHty of processes (8). The control of extraction columns has also been discussed (9). 

Types of extractor General features Fields of industrial appHcation... 

It is possible to systematically alter the net magnetic moment of ferrites by chemical substitutions. A very important industrial appHcation is the increase of the magnetic moment in mixed MnZn-ferrites and NiZn-ferrites. When Zn ions are introduced in Mn-ferrite or Ni-ferrite, these ions prefer to occupy A-sites. Because is nonmagnetic, the A-sublattice magnetization is reduced and consequendy the total net magnetic moment is increased. 

Olefin fibers are used for a variety of purposes from home furnishings to industrial appHcations. These include carpets, upholstery, drapery, rope, geotextiles (qv), and both disposable and nondisposable nonwovens. Fiber mechanical properties, relative chemical inertness, low moisture absorption, and low density contribute to desirable product properties. Table 7 gives a breakdown of olefin fiber consumption by use (73—75). Olefin fiber use in apparel... 

Includes sewing thread, sHver knit backing, and other industrial appHcations. 

Commencing in the late 1930s, new developments to make very strong yams allowed the viscose rayon to replace cotton as the fiber of choice for longer life pneumatic tires. The pace of this line of development increased during World War II, and by the 1960s a significant part of the production of viscose yam was for tires and industrial appHcations. 

The flotation process is based on the exploitation of wettabiUty differences of particles to be separated. Differences of wettabiUty among soHd (mineral) particles can be natural, or can be induced by the use of chemical adsorbates. Because the largest segment of industrial appHcations is conducted in water, with air, the following discussion is confined mainly to these fluids. 

Most of the remarks above refer to unconfined or free flows. Many industrial appHcations involve the use of confined jets. It is customary to consider a jet confined when the ratio of the confinement radius to the source radius Hes in the range 4—100. Below a ratio of 2, the jet does not develop its similarity profile before striking the wall, whereas above a ratio of 100 the jet itself may usually be considered free. Under certain conditions, flow in confined jets is accompanied by the existence of a recirculation 2one which significantly affects the jet behavior by returning material upstream (9). This recirculation can be particularly important in combustion processes. 

The only reported industrial appHcation for Fep2 is its use in mst removal solutions based on oxalic acid (6). The anhydrous salt is commercially available in 100 g to 5 kg lots from Advance Research Chemicals, Aldrich Chemicals, Cerac, Johnson/Matthey, PCR, and other suppHers in the United States. As of 1993, the prices varied between 500 to 700/kg. 

Uses. Silver fluoride has found many laboratory and special industrial appHcations. It is used as a soft (nHld) fluorinating agent for selective fluorination (7—17), as a cathode material in batteries (qv) (18), and as an antimicrobial agent (19). Silver fluoride is commercially available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich Chemicals, Cerac Corp., Johnson/Matthey, PCR, Atochem, and other sources in the United States. The U.S. price of silver fluoride in 1993 was 1000— 1400/kg and the total U.S. consumption was less than 200 kg/yr. 

The principal uses of PCTFE plastics remain in the areas of aeronautical and space, electrical/electronics, cryogenic, chemical, and medical instmmentation industries. AppHcations include chemically resistant electrical insulation and components cryogenic seals, gaskets, valve seats (56,57) and liners instmment parts for medical and chemical equipment (58), and medical packaging fiber optic appHcations (see Fiber optics) seals for the petrochemical /oil industry and electrodes, sample containers, and column packing in analytical chemistry and equipment (59). 

Foam Control. Whereas some siUcones are known to be foam promoters, Dow Corning FS-1265 Fluid is a Hquid fluorosiUcone with effective antifoam properties. Petroleum industry appHcation of fluids and dispersions in gas—oil separators on offshore drilling platforms has been successful. Their use peaked in the early 1980s, coinciding with constrained cmde oil capacity and production. Diesel fuels are an excellent solvent for dimethyl silicones and render them ineffective as an antifoam. A new antifoam which does not require the use of added siUca is formulated from a fluorosiUcone copolymer. It has shown promise to antifoam (8) diesel fuel (see Defoamers). 

Raw Materials. PVC is inherently a hard and brittle material and very sensitive to heat it thus must be modified with a variety of plasticizers, stabilizers, and other processing aids to form heat-stable flexible or semiflexible products or with lesser amounts of these processing aids for the manufacture of rigid products (see Vinyl polymers, vinyl chloride polymers). Plasticizer levels used to produce the desired softness and flexibihty in a finished product vary between 25 parts per hundred (pph) parts of PVC for flooring products to about 80—100 pph for apparel products (245). Numerous plasticizers (qv) are commercially available for PVC, although dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is by far the most widely used in industrial appHcations due to its excellent properties and low cost. For example, phosphates provide improved flame resistance, adipate esters enhance low temperature flexibihty, polymeric plasticizers such as glycol adipates and azelates improve the migration resistance, and phthalate esters provide compatibiUty and flexibihty (245). 

Friedel-Crafts alkylation using alkenes has important industrial appHcations. The ethylation of benzene with ethylene to ethylbenzene used in the manufacture of styrene, is one of the largest scale industrial processes. The reaction is done under the catalysis of AlCl in the presence of a proton source, ie, H2O, HCl, etc, although other catalysts have also gained significance. 

A. Muhlbaur, "Electrical Energy for Heating Processes for the Euture," Electrowarme Int. 49(B3), B58 (1991), a review of various electric heating and melting industrial appHcations. 

J. T. Stewart and T. D. Pay, "Coal Gasification Processes and Equipment Available for Small Industrial AppHcations," paper presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification Eiquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pa., Aug. 1—3,1978. 

Tamarind Gum. Tamarind gum [39386-78-9] is another seed gum with potential industrial appHcation. It is obtained from the seed kernels of the tamarind tree, Tamarindus indica which is cultivated in India and Bangladesh. The seeds are a by-product from the production of tamarind pulp which is used as a food flavor. Seed production is 150,000 t/yr. 

Solutions of rhamsan have high viscosity at low shear rates and low gum concentrations (90). The rheological properties and suspension capabiUty combined with excellent salt compatibihty, make it useful for several industrial apphcations including agricultural fertilizer suspensions, pigment suspensions, cleaners, and paints and coatings. 

The rationale for the development of such fibers is demonstrated by their appHcation in the medical field, notably hemoperfusion, where cartridges loaded with activated charcoal-filled hoUow fiber contact blood. Low molecular weight body wastes diffuse through the fiber walls and are absorbed in the fiber core. In such processes, the blood does not contact the active sorbent direcdy, but faces the nontoxic, blood compatible membrane (see Controlled RELEASE TECHNOLOGY, pharmaceutical). Other uses include waste industrial appHcations as general as chromates and phosphates and as specific as radioactive/nuclear materials. 

A Methylolhydantoins. l,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethyIhydantoia [6440-58-0] is used extensively as a preservative in cosmetic and industrial appHcations, and carries EPA registration for the industrial segment. It is available in soHd and in aqueous solution forms, including low free formaldehyde versions of the latter. A related derivative, l,3-bis(hydroxyethyl)-5,5-dimethyIhydantoia [26850-24-8] is used in the manufacture of high temperature polyesters, polyurethanes, and coatings, offering improved heat resistance, uv stabiUty, flexibiUty, and adhesion. 

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