Agricultural fertilizer

Solutions of rhamsan have high viscosity at low shear rates and low gum concentrations (90). The rheological properties and suspension capabiUty combined with excellent salt compatibihty, make it useful for several industrial apphcations including agricultural fertilizer suspensions, pigment suspensions, cleaners, and paints and coatings. 

Self-Test E.5A Calculate the amount of urea molecules, OC(NH2)2, in 2.3 X 105 g of urea, which is used in facial creams and, on a bigger scale, as an agricultural fertilizer. 

As described previously, agricultural fertilizer contains large amoimts of fixed nitrogen, mostly... 

O2 availability, water content. Structural - soil type, porosity, clay content, fertility. Agricultural - Fertilizer addition, herbicide pesticide application, tillage, cropping systems etc. 

With only 10 million tons produced every year, phosphoric acid lags behind sulfuric acid in terms of production. Nevertheless, phosphoric acid is a very important chemical. Like sulfuric acid, most of the phosphoric acid made in the United States is used to manufacture agricultural fertilizers. 

Agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides (Nriagu 1979c Thornton 1979 Ma 1984 ATSDR 1990 Roncero et al. 1992 Alva et al. 1995). 

Industrially, ammonia has been produced from dinitrogen and dihydrogen by the Haber-Bosch process, which operates at very high temperatures and pressures, and utilizes a promoted iron catalyst. Millions of tons of ammonia are generated annually for incorporation into agricultural fertilizers and other important commercial products. The overall reaction is exergonic, as indicated in equation 6.1 ... 

Some industrially important catalytic reactions (with their catalysts) which are the bases for such large-scale operations as the production of sulfuric acid, agricultural fertilizers, plastics, and fuels are ... 

Some 45% of the 1.24mt of dry sewage sludge produced annually in the UK and Wales is used as an agricultural fertilizer, the remainder being disposed of to rivers or dumped at sea. 

Evaporites are important sources of economic minerals that have been exploited for at least the past 6000y. For example, the evaporite mineral trona (NaHCOj -Na2C03 2H2O) was used by the ancient Egyptians to preserve mummies. Evaporite salts continue to be used for food preservation, construction, road deicing, and in industrial processes. The marine evaporites of Saskatchewan (Canada) are the world s largest source of potash (KCl), which is used as an agricultural fertilizer. In the United States,... 

Agricultural fertilization with sulphur is not a new concept - at the research level at least, sulphur has long been recognised as an essential plant nutrient. However because the complex role of sulphur - in soils, in plant material and in interaction with other essential element cycles - has never been fully understood, sulphur fertilizers have been used mainly on an empirical basis. As a result, sulphur fertilization has shown somewhat erratic performance Measured sulphur deficiency in soils has not always been correlated with poor crop yield and, as a corollary, sulphur fertilization of sulphur deficient soils has not always improved poor crop yields. Thus it has been difficult to routinely demonstrate an economic benefit to the farmer. 

Laegreid, M. and O. Bockman Agriculture, Fertilizers and the Environment, Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY, 2000. 

The excavation of a clandestine grave had revealed the largely skeletonized remains of a young man who had been buried for 5 years in a biologically active soil. The subsoil was clay, with the grave cut being water-filled at the time of the excavation due to a fractured field drain. It was covered by a stack of horse manure used as agricultural fertilizer that had considerably modified the burial conditions. The body had been buried clothed, and items of textile were recovered with the human remains. These included cloth, metal, and leather that had been subject to considerable differential preservation. 

Nitrogen is the most abundant uncombined element in the earth s surface. It is one of the four essential elements (C, H, O, N) that support all forms of life. It constitutes, on the average, about 15% by weight in proteins. The industrial fixation of nitrogen in the production of agricultural fertilizers and other chemical products is now carried out on a vast scale. 

Similar mechanisms operate in the action of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. Both of these substances are produced from ammonia by oxidation. Plants and soil bacteria can reduce these compounds to provide ammonia for metabolism. The common agricultural fertilizer ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, provides reduced nitrogen for plant growth directly, and by providing a substrate for nitrate reduction. NADH or NADPH is the electron donor for nitrate reductase, depending on the organism. 

Ammonia nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3) Production of agricultural fertilizers, cleaning materials. 

Potash Potassium hydroxide (K2C03). Potash is used primarily as an agricultural fertilizer, soap and in glass manufacturing. 

---