Industrial downstream

The peptide bond does not undergo significant hydrolysis in the pH interval (3-9.5) and is usually used in industrial downstream processing. However, in dilute acid, where the carboxyl group of aspartyl residues is not dissociated, the peptide bond is... 

The American Petroleum Institute has published (April 2010) a very useful tool entitled Process Safety Performance Indicators for Refining and Petrochemical Industries - Downstream Segment. It is also called API Recommended Practice 754 [16]. 

Process safety performance indicators for refining and petrochemical industries -downstream segment. API RP 754, April 2010. 

Regulatory issues and environmental considerations (GMP, various national laws, etc.) are also important, especially in the case of industrial downstream processing. The... 

Formaldehyde. Worldwide, the largest amount of formaldehyde (qv) is consumed in the production of urea—formaldehyde resins, the primary end use of which is found in building products such as plywood and particle board (see Amino resins and plastics). The demand for these resins, and consequently methanol, is greatly influenced by housing demand. In the United States, the greatest market share for formaldehyde is again in the constmction industry. However, a fast-growing market for formaldehyde can be found in the production of acetylenic chemicals, which is driven by the demand for 1,4-butanediol and its subsequent downstream product, spandex fibers (see Fibers, elastomeric). 

The principal objective of technical service in the chemical industry is to provide timely and professional information and support to downstream customers regarding chemical products and thek uses. It is neither cost-effective nor necessary for a consumer of chemical products to develop a staff of speciahsts having detailed expertise in all aspects of chemical raw materials and thek uses, particularly in a time of increa singly complex and rapidly technologically driven economies. Rather, this variety of expertise is provided in the chemical marketplace by technical service professionals whose knowledge and skills are made available by chemical products suppHers. As such, successful chemical companies provide technical service as a critical element of thek offerings to the marketplace making use of this aspect of the value chain to enhance thek competitiveness. 

End-of-pipe treatment refers to the application of chemical, biological, and physical processes to reduce the toxicity or volume of downstream waste. Treatment options include biological systems, chemical precipitation, flocculation, coagulation, and incineration as well as boilers and industrial furnaces (BIFs). 

Tailoring of the particle size of the crystals from industrial crystallizers is of significant importance for both product quality and downstream processing performance. The scientific design and operation of industrial crystallizers depends on a combination of thermodynamics - which determines whether crystals will form, particle formation kinetics - which determines how fast particle size distributions develop, and residence time distribution, which determines the capacity of the equipment used. Each of these aspects has been presented in Chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6. This chapter will show how they can be combined for application to the design and performance prediction of both batch and continuous crystallization. 

The synthesis of powders with eontrolled shape and narrow partiele size distribution is inereasingly a major ehallenge for the ehemieal industry. It has been shown that whilst the eonventional mixed suspension erystallizer is versatile and flexible in operation, the size distribution of the produet is often far from ideal from either the downstream units or eustomer viewpoints. It ean also give rise to diffieulty on seale-up sinee the required power input to maintain perfeet mixedness is diffieult to attain. Plant seale produet is often of differing ehar-aeteristies in erystal shape, size distribution and degree of agglomeration to that obtained from the laboratory seale. 

Thus, methods are now becoming available such that process systems can be designed to manufacture crystal products of desired chemical and physical properties and characteristics under optimal conditions. In this chapter, the essential features of methods for the analysis of particulate crystal formation and subsequent solid-liquid separation operations discussed in Chapters 3 and 4 will be recapitulated. The interaction between crystallization and downstream processing will be illustrated by practical examples and problems highlighted. Procedures for industrial crystallization process analysis, synthesis and optimization will then be considered and aspects of process simulation, control and sustainable manufacture reviewed. 

There are very many industrial processes for which WH/HR boilers may be required, and during some by-product fuel combustion processes, downstream HR boilers can also recover chemicals for reuse upstream. Some WH and special-purpose boiler applications are briefly discussed in the following sections. 

Also, corrosion may result in contamination at some downstream point in the steam-water cycle. For example, iron and copper ions often may be present as corrosion products in steam and condensate and consequently will reduce the purity of the steam. This may render the steam unsuitable for certain industrial processes or applications where live steam injection is required. 

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