SOME SPECIAL FEATURES

If the colloidal systems are considered as objects of X-ray fluorescence analysis, some special features are to be mentioned. 

Review the motor requirements and specifications to make sure that all the unnecessary, nonstandard, special features have been eliminated. Each special requirement such as nonstandard mounting dimensions and nonstandard bearings should be eliminated unless it can be demonstrated the feature is cost effective. In actual practice, many special features are specified because of an isolated case of trouble that occurred years ago. Likewise, some special features may become obsolete through changes in refinery or chemical plant practice or through improved manufacturing techniques. 

Some special features arise from pericyclic reactions. In the reaction of an a-methyl-branched aldehyde with ( )-crotylboronates, Cram selectivity is enhanced, whereas the Z-isomers show moderate anti-Cram selectivity23 - 25 (see Section D.1.3.3.3.3.1.3.). These findings can most likely be applied generally. 

To proceed now to some special features of the PXQ. Figure 9-10 shows that the single unit has 12 channels that can be equipped with... 

Reactions involving organic substances have some special features. Many of these substances are poorly soluble in aqueous solutions. Sometimes their solubilities can be raised by adding to the solution the salts of aromatic sulfonic acids with cations of the type [NHJ or alkali metal ions. These salts have a salting-in effect on poorly soluble organic substances. In many cases solutions in mixed or nonaque-ous solvents (e.g., methanol) are used. Suspensions of the organic substances in aqueous solutions are also useful for electrosynthesis. 

Matsusaka, N. J., Inaba, R., Ichikawa, M., Ikeda, M. and Oikubo, Y. (1969). Some special features of nuclide metabolism in juvenile mammals, page 217 in Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal, AEC Symposium Series No. 17, Report No. CONF-690501 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia). 

To show [115] that Liouville s theorem holds in any number of phase-space dimensions it is useful to restate some special features of Hamilton s equations,... 

The name, maleic anhydride, came about in the same fashion. as any number of compounds early in the petrochemical Business Many organic acids and their derivatives were given common names based on some early observations, their special source in nature, or on some special feature of their structure. MA was first isolated in the 1850—75 era by dehydration of malic acid, a sugar acid found in apple juice. The Latin word for apple is malum. Hence, malum, malic, maleic. The suffix, anhydride, which follows each alias of MA, has a simple definition a compound derived by the loss of a molecule of water from two carboxyl groups (-COOH). 

Some special features of proteins are elaborated by secondary transformations that are not part of the translation process. The A-formylmethionine initiator may be hydrolysed to methionine, or, as we have already indicated, the methionine unit may be removed altogether. Other post-translational changes to individual amino acids may be seen, e.g. the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline (see Section 13.1) or the generation of disulfide bridges between cysteine residues (see Section 13.3). 

The basic characteristics as well as some advantages and disadvantages are illustrated in Sects. 2.2.2 (polyreactions in bulk), 2.2.3 (polyreactions in solution), and 2.2.4 (polyreactions in dispersion). Prior to this some special features... 

The photometric estimation of protein concentration is subject to some special features Proteins interact with each other depending on their concentration and may change their secondary and/or tertiary structure in a concentration- dependent manner (especially denaturation in diluted solutions). These changes affect the absorption of light, i.e., concentration dependence of molar absorption coefficient e therefore, the Beer-Lambert law (eq. e) is not valid over a broad concentration range. 

In Fig. 16 we show a current-voltage curve for >-type GaP in the presence of a dye in the dark and at illumination with light being only absorbed by the dye. We see again a saturation current, now however, in cathodic direction. The photocurrent spectrum is represented in Fig. 17. It corresponds fully with the absorption spectrum of the adsorbed dye. One sees a saturation current at a polarisation of more than 0.35 eV negative of the flat band potential. Some special features at GaP-electrodes seem to be caused by the existence of surface states with energies in the range of the band gap. It has been assumed that these surface states can... 

Since then numerous thermal rearrangements of dihalocyclopropanes have been observed and the isomerization has been reviewed several times [11, 186]. It therefore suffices to discuss some special features of these reactions here. The thermal isomerization of dihalocyclopropanes is often accompanied by a halogen migration and then leads to 2,3-dihalogenated propenes. 

The lattice points of a triclinic crystal may be joined in various ways to form differently shaped unit cells (see p. 151). It is usually most convenient to use the cell with the shortest edges, unless there is some special feature which recommends some other direction as a unit cell edge. Donnay (1943) recommends that the shortest axis shall be called c and the longest b and that the angles a and ft shall be obtuse. 

The method of fs DFWM spectroscopy and our theoretical model for the spectral simulation is discussed in our second contribution in this volume. The experimental setup has been detailed in a former publication [5], Here, we would like to highlight some special features of this technique with emphasis on the possibility to obtain, besides the rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants (CDs) and information on the polarizability tensor (PT). 

Another approach to estimating spectral densities, which has the advantage of guaranteeing that the approximate functions are positive, can be based on the error bounds constructed in Section III-A for the spectral density broadened by a Lorentzian slit function. If we had a sufficient number of moments to make the error bounds very precise, then we could reduce the broadening as much as we like, so that the broadened distribution of spectral density becomes as close as we like to the true distribution. In order to estimate these higher moments, we should need to take advantage of some special feature of the distribution. For example, in the case of the harmonic vibrations of a crystalline solid, the distribution of frequencies lies between limits — co,nax and +comax, and is zero outside... 

The use of the terms adiabatic and non-adiabatic in this way leads to a source of confusion. Normally, in describing surface-crossing processes, a process which remains on the same potential curve is called adiabatic and in that sense every net electron transfer reaction is an adiabatic process. Processes which involve a transition between different states as between the two different potential curves in Figure lb are usually called non-adiabatic. Such processes have some special features and will be returned to in a later section dealing with the inverted region and excited state decay. 

Some non-cyclic thioacetals have been used sometimes, particularly those bearing phenylthio groups or some special feature such as an extra electron-withdrawing group. The corresponding carbanion can then be used for a 1,4 addition on an a,(J-unsaturated ketone as reported [282],... 

The Jacobi method is traditional (first presented 1846) and simple. More efficient general methods were not found until 1954 (W. Givens, Oak Ridge), and some special features make it the first choice for many applications still today. In order to describe the method in more detail, consider the problem of finding a solution A,V to the problem... 

In simple 7t-electron theory the alternant hydrocarbons have some special features. In these planar unsaturated hydrocarbons each second carbon atom is labelled with a star ( ), resulting in a division of the atoms into two sets, the starred and the unstarred, with no two atoms of the same set neighbors. One feature is the so called Coulson-Rushbrooke theorem, or the pairing theorem the bonding (occupied) 7C-orbitals are given in the form,... 

Although proton spectra are not very useful for identification purposes, 13C nmr spectra are very useful. Chain-branching and ring-substitution normally cause quite large chemical-shift changes, and it is not uncommon to observe 13C shifts in cycloalkanes spanning 35 ppm. Some special features of application of 13C nmr spectra to conformational analysis of cycloalkanes are described in Section 12-3D. 

After a short report on the discovery of the quaternary borocarbide superconductors in Section 1.1, for comparison a limited survey of other superconductors based on boron and/or carbon will be presented in Section 1.2 whereas the interplay of superconductivity and magnetism in other materials is discussed in Section 1.3. At the end of this section some special features of the RNi2B2C compounds and review articles in this field can be found in Section 1.4 as well as the further outline of this chapter. 

ON SOME SPECIAL FEATURES OF CARBON NANOSTRUCTURE FABRICATION IN ARGON ARC DISCHARGE... 

The data presented in Table 19.1 possess some special features. First, the dominant sample is Se-enriched yeast, which is a clear consequence of at least three factors, that is (1) Se-enriched yeast is relatively easy to produce with the instrumentation available in a conventional microbiological or biotechnological laboratory (2) numerous Se-enriched yeast-based products are available on the market as food supplements and (3) the often quoted Clark report [88] proved... 

The electronegativity value of a given substituent is not an accurate parameter however, one may characterize a substituent by the electronegativity of the central atom or of the whole group as estimated in the literature 107-109) pjg 4 represents a plot of barrier heights versus electronegativity for a series of compounds. It should be unnecessary to stress the crudeness of such a plot, but some special features seem to emerge. 

Classification and marking of intrinsically safe apparatus concerning explosion groups (I, IIA, IIB, IIC) and temperature classes (T1-T6) are organized in the same way as for, e.g., flameproof enclosure - d (see Tables 4.1 and 4.2, Chapter 4, and Chapter 5 for marking). Some special features, however, which are of importance for type of protection intrinsic safety - i only, will be explained in the following. 

The mechanism of monomer addition to these centres exhibits some special features (see Chap. 5, Sect. 5.8). 

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