Loading volume

Plastics. In the plastics industry, the term filler refers to particulate materials that are added to plastic resins in relatively large, ie, over 5%, volume loadings. Except in certain specialty or engineering plastics appHcations, plastics compounders tend to formulate with the objective of optimizing properties at minimum cost rather than maximizing properties at optimum cost. Table 2 fists typical plastic fillers and their uses. 

Stokes Vacuum, Inc. Price includes dryer, 15-lVin jacket, drive with motor, internal filter, and trunnion supports for concrete or steel foundations. Horsepower is established on 65 percent volume loading of material with a hulk density of 50 Ih/ft. Models of 250 ft, 325 ft, and 400 ft have extended surface area. 

The essence of this idea is that there is a limit to which particles of like-size can occupy a given space, even when arranged in closely packed arrays (e.g., cubic or tetrahedral arrays). The voids that are left are usually smaller than the parent particles and may be filled by particles of smaller size to increase the concentrations of particles in space. Thus, polydispersity can give a lower viscosity at the same volume fraction or permit higher volume loading at the equivalent monodisperse viscosity. 

Lorenz W Duda D, Dick W Sitter H, Doenicke A, Black A, Weber D, Menke H, Stinner B, Junginger T, Rothmund M, Ohmann CH, Healy MJ Incidence and clinical importance of perioperative histamine release randomised study of volume loading and antihistamines after induction of anaesthesia. Lancet 1994 343 933-940. 

Separation Volume Loaded Amount Loaded Ri and Rj Values (Average of Triplicate Results)... 

A clinically useful indirect estimate of Mvo2 is the double product (DP), which is HR multiplied by systolic blood pressure (SBP) (DP = HR xSBP). The DP does not consider changes in contractility (an independent variable), and because only changes in pressure are considered, volume loading of the left ventricle and increased MVo2 related to ventricular dilation are underestimated. 

Figure 8. Configurations for plasma etch reactors, (a) barrel or volume loaded 0)) parallel plate or surface loaded (c) downstream etcher.

Tyers GF, Waldhausen JA. Effect of site of synchronous unipolar ventricular stimulation and volume loading on cardiac function. J. Surg. Res. 1973 15 271-84. 

Figure 9. Relationship between volume loading and the uniaxial tensile properties of CTPB propellants...

Figure 15. Effect of volume loading on the viscosity buildup of CTPB propellants. Measurements done at 135°F.

V = Volume loaded with particles y = Total volume of the vessel (mixer unit)... 

Fig.10. 200% modulus of Filled SBR 1500 versus carbon black void volume loading (%) such as... 

The resilience of gum neoprene vulcanizates is little lower than natural rubber but it decreases with increased filler incorporation. Therefore, the resilience of most practical neoprene compounds is higher than that of natural rubber with comparable volume loading. Because of the presence of chlorine in the neoprene molecule, products made from neoprene resist combustion to a greater degree than products made from non-halogen bearing rubbers. This means neoprene can be compounded to meet the flammability requirements of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) USA or similar requirements as might be stipulated by any other countries,... 

Figure 1. 50-Volume loading of nylon fibers in standard natural rubber formulation...

Mixtures of powders of poly(vinyl chloride) (FVC) and various metals were compacted at a pressure of 10,000 psig at 120-130°C. The compacts appear to be strong, and density measurements show the porosity to be <1.5%, Electrical resistivity is reduced, from a value for unloaded FVC of about JO25 Clem, to < JO"1 Clem by a fractional volume loading of nickel or copper as low as 0.06. Microscopic examination of polished sections of the compacts show the metallic particles to be segregated around zones of unpenetrated polymer which correspond in size to the initial particles of FVC. The pattern of segregation favors the formation of continuous chains of metallic particles at unusually low volume loadings. 

The onset of high electrical conductivity with increasing volume fraction of metallic particles has also been of interest in relation to theoretical treatments which consider the factors which control formation of a continuous disperse phase of randomly distributed particles. In pursuance of such work, the distribution of metallic particles was studied experimentally by quantitative microscopy of polished plane sections. A marked increase in conductivity was observed when the fractional volume loading of silver particles in Bakelite reached 0.36-0.38 ( 3). 

The present report concerns a simple technique which provides electrically conducting samples of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) with fractional volume loadings of metallic particles as low as 0.06. 

In some cases thin wafers, ca. 40/, were examined with transmitted light under a stereoscopic microscope. This permitted observation of metallic particles below the surface and revealed the presence of continuous three-dimensional networks of metallic particles, for volume loadings in excess of ca. 6%, but it was not possible to document such observations with photomicrographs. 

Mixtures of PVC and nickel or copper powders have been compacted under heat and pressure to yield samples which conduct electricity, p < 10"1 Qcm, at volume loadings of metal as low as 6%. The compacts have a porosity of <1.5% and appear to be strong mechanically. 

Fig. 1.68.3. Temperature as a function of time in a pilot plant of—170 L chamber volume, loaded with 1008 vials, containing 2.8 kg of product with 169 g of solids, d= 9 mm. 1 Tsh 2 wall temperature ...

The ANF hormones, which derive from higher-molecular-weigth precursors (atriopeptigens), have diuretic properties, i.e. an administration of ANF in the rat increases diuresis and natriuresis (the release of Arg-vasopressin is inhibited) and at the same time the vessels are dilated, apparently by inhibition of catecholamines and angiotensin II. In addition, it has been shown that under volume loading the ANF peptides are released from the atria and develop their effects as hormones in renal, vascular, and other tissues. They can be considered as functional antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system. 

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