Inductively coupled plasma theory

Boumans PWJM (1991) Measuring detection limits in inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry using the SBR-RSDB approach -I.A tutorial discussion of the theory. Spectrochim Acta 46B 431... 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry, Parts I and II, Boumans, P.W.J.M. (Ed.), Wiley, New York, 1987. A comprehensive account of the subject, with good chapters on theory, though now becoming dated. 

H. Taylor, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry — Practices and Techniques , 1st edition, Elsevier, 2000—covers both theory and applications in a concise, informative and readable form. 

Van Heuzen, A.A., Hoekstra, T. and Van Wingerden, B.J., Rrecision and accuracy attainable with isotope-dilution analysis applied inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry theory and experiments, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 4, 483-489 (1989). 

After this brief review of theory, let us turn our attention to existing practice, as exemplified In environmental methods of analysis. Environmental methods of analysis employ many of the common analytical Instruments In analyzing a wide spectrum of chemicals In a variety of matrices. Instruments commonly used Include spectrophotometers (atomic absorption, visible. Inductively coupled plasma), gas chromatographs (with a variety of detectors. Including the mass spectrometer), and automatic analyzers. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma. Mass Spectrometry Archaeological Applications. Microscopy Techniques Scanning Electron Microscopy. Surface Analysis X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission Auger Electron Spectroscopy. X-Ray Absorption and Diffraction X-Ray Diffraction - Powder. X-Ray Fluorescence and Emission X-Ray Fluorescence Theory. 

Flame atomic absorption was until recently the most widely used techniques for trace metal analysis, reflecting its ease of use and relative freedom from interferences. Although now superceded in many laboratories by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry still is a very valid option for many applications. The sample, usually in solution, is sprayed into the flame following the generation of an aerosol by means of a nebulizer. The theory of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and details of the basic instrumentation required are described in a previous article. This article briefly reviews the nature of the flames employed in AAS, the specific requirements of the instrumentation for use with flame AAS, and the atomization processes that take place within the flame. An overview is given of possible interferences and various modifications that may provide some practical advantage over conventional flame cells. Finally, a number of application notes for common matrices are given. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma. Carbohydrates Sugars -Spectrophotometric Methods Starch. Food and Nutritional Analysis Oven/iew Antioxidants and Presen/atives Oils and Fats. Ion-Selective Electrodes Food Applications. Liquid Chromatography Amino Acids. Proteins Foods. Quality Assurance Quality Control. Sampling Theory. Vitamins Fat-Soluble Water-Soluble. Water Determination. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma. Fire Assay. Gravimetry. Ion Exchange Overview. Sampling Theory Practice. Titrimetry Overview. 

This process shows an apparent simplicity, as stated by Gunther and Hattendorf [12], which might be one of the reasons for the increasing popularity of this technique. In theory, one just needs to put a sample inside the chamber, fire a few laser pulses, and a portion of the sample will be vaporized and swept into the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS). In a few seconds, the corresponding transient signals that can provide qualitative, quantitative, and isotopic information for tens of elements appear on the screen. Examples of typical LA-ICPMS signal profiles are shown in Figure 39.3. 

O Connor, C., Sharp, B.L., Evans, P. (2006) On-line additions of aqueous standards for cahbration of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry theory and comparison of wet and dry plasma conditions./oMrnaZ of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,21, 556-565. 

While a deviation from a straight line calibration is often predictable in principle from physical theory, a quantitative account is usually lacking there is no known reason why a true calibration graph should be a quadratic function or higher order polynomial. Indeed they are often of a somewhat different shape. This leads to a degree of lack of fit between the true function and the fitted function. Figure 2.23 shows an example, where a quadratic function has been fitted to closely spaced data of the slightly different shape typical of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) calibrations. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods Ion Molecule Reactions in Mass Spectrometry Ion Trap Mass Spectrometers Laser Spectroscopy Theory... 

GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES - also referred to as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are all routinely utilized in pharmaceutical applications. While there are other techniques of note available, such as micro-wave induced plasma (MIP) or direct coupled plasma (DCP), they have not been routinely used in the pharmaceutical industry, and will, therefore, not be discussed here. The theories involved in the use of FAAS, GFAAS, ICP and ICP-MS may be found in other articles of this Encyclopedia. 

See also Atomic Absorption, Methods and Instrumentation Atomic Absorption, Theory Atomic Emission, Methods and Instrumentation Biomedical Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy Forensic Science, Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy Hyphenated Techniques, Applications of in Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods Inorganic Chemistry, Applications of Mass Spectrometry. 

See also Electronic Components, Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy Fluorescence and Emission Spectroscopy, Theory Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods. 

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