Inductively coupled plasma mass techniques

Oxygen and nitrogen also are deterrnined by conductivity or chromatographic techniques following a hot vacuum extraction or inert-gas fusion of hafnium with a noble metal (25,26). Nitrogen also may be deterrnined by the Kjeldahl technique (19). Phosphoms is determined by phosphine evolution and flame-emission detection. Chloride is determined indirecdy by atomic absorption or x-ray spectroscopy, or at higher levels by a selective-ion electrode. Fluoride can be determined similarly (27,28). Uranium and U-235 have been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (29). 

The very low Hg concentration levels in ice core of remote glaciers require an ultra-sensitive analytical technique as well as a contamination-free sample preparation methodology. The potential of two analytical techniques for Hg determination - cold vapour inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CV ICP-SFMS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) with gold amalgamation was studied. 

The complex of the following destmctive and nondestmctive analytical methods was used for studying the composition of sponges inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Techniques of sample preparation were developed for each method and their metrological characteristics were defined. Relative standard deviations for all the elements did not exceed 0.25 within detection limit. The accuracy of techniques elaborated was checked with the method of additions and control methods of analysis. 

Laser based mass spectrometric methods, such as laser ionization (LIMS) and laser ablation in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) are powerful analytical techniques for survey analysis of solid substances. To realize the analytical performances methods for the direct trace analysis of synthetic and natural crystals modification of a traditional analytical technique was necessary and suitable standard reference materials (SRM) were required. Recent developments allowed extending the range of analytical applications of LIMS and LA-ICP-MS will be presented and discussed. For example ... 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a multielement analytical method with detection limits which are, for many trace elements, including the rare earth elements, better than those of most conventional techniques. With increasing availability of ICP-MS instalments in geological laboratories this method has been established as the most prominent technique for the determination of a large number of minor and trace elements in geological samples. 

In isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) the spike, the unspiked and a spiked sample are measured by ICP-MS in order to determine the isotope ratio. Using this technique, more precise and accurate results can be obtained than by using a calibration graph or by standard addition. This is due to elimination of various systematic errors. Isotopes behave identically in most chemical and physical processes. Signal suppression and enhancement due to the matrix in ICP-MS affects both isotopes equally. The same holds for most long-term instrumental fluctuations and drift. Accuracy and precision obtained with ID-ICP-QMS are better than with other ICP-QMS calibration... 

D. Beauchemin, D.C. Gregoire, D. Gunther, V. Karanassios, J.-M. Mermet and T.J. Woods (eds), Discrete Sample Introduction Techniques for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2000). 

Elemental Speciation - New Approaches for Trace Element Analysis Discrete Sample Introduction Techniques for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry... 

There is a branch of MS specially designed for dealing with the analysis of inorganic materials.[21,22] Different specific ionization techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),[23] glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS)[24] and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS),[25] are available and they are widely used in cultural heritage applications. Their description is beyond the scope of this chapter. 

Chapters 5 and 6 discuss the application of new techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry with and without graphite furnace and Zeeman background correction, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray fluo-... 

Measurement techniques that can be employed for the determination of trace metals include atomic absorption spectrometry, anodic stripping voltammetry, differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, liquid chromatography of the metal chelates with ultraviolet-visible absorption and, more recently, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 

Klane and Blum [69] showed that inductively coupled plasma spectrometry was able to determine below 1000 ng/1 of arsenic in seawater. Ion exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been used to determine several arsenic species in seawater [ 947 ]. Down to 3 ng/1 arsenic can be determined using hydride generation prior to this technique. 

At present, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provides a unique, powerful alternative for the determination of rare earths in natural samples [638,639]. Nevertheless, its application to the determination of rare earths at ultratrace concentration level in seawater is limited, because highly saline samples can cause both spectral interferences and matrix effects [640]. Therefore, a separation of the matrix components and preconcentration of the analytes are prerequisites. To achieve this goal, many preconcentration techniques have been used, including coprecipitation with... 

Techniques for analysis of different mercury species in biological samples and abiotic materials include atomic absorption, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Lansens etal. 1991 Schintu etal. 1992 Porcella etal. 1995). Methylmercury concentrations in marine biological tissues are detected at concentrations as low as 10 pg Hg/kg tissue using graphite furnace sample preparation techniques and atomic absorption spectrometry (Schintu et al. 1992). 

Atomic techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AA), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for metal analysis.190-192 A content uniformity analysis of a calcium salt API tablet formulation by ICP-AES exhibited significantly improved efficiency and fast analysis time (1 min per sample) compared to an HPLC method.193... 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), 25 60 of archaeological materials, 5 742, 743 in thorium analysis, 24 774, 775 Inductively coupled plasma technique,... 

A hyphenated technique, the coupling of ion chromatographic separation (DX-100, DIONEX) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection (ELAN-5000, PERKIN-ELMER) was used for the speciation... 

In the museum context, nondestructive (or quasi-nondestructive) techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Chapter 5) are often preferred for the analysis of inorganic objects, although microanalysis by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) (Chapter 9) is growing in importance, since the ablation craters are virtually invisible to the naked eye. Raman and infrared spectroscopy (Chapter 4) are now being used for structural information and the identification of corrosion products to complement X-ray diffraction (Section 5.4). 

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is now such an important technique in archaeology, as elsewhere, that we devote a whole chapter to it. There are now a number of different ICP MS modes of operation (solution analysis, laser ablation, multicollector, high resolution) this chapter provides a general overview. Further description of the instrumentation for ICP MS may be found in Harris (1997) and Montaser (1998). Some general applications of solution ICP MS are discussed by Date and Gray (1989), Platzner (1997), and Kennett et al. (2001). 

Jarvis, K. E. (1988). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry a new technique for the rapid or ultra-trace level determination of the rare-earth elements in geological materials. Chemical Geology 68 31-39. 

Jarvis, K. E. and Williams, J. G. (1993). Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) a rapid technique for the direct, quantitative determination of major, trace and rare-earth elements in geological samples. Chemical Geology 106 251—262. 

The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique described in Chapter 9 (Section 9.5) has been coupled with mass spectrometry. The ICP source provides the mass spectrometer with a source of charged monatomic ions such that the electron beam is not needed. The exhaust of the ICP source is fed into the mass spectrometer for analysis by the mass analyzer portion of the mass spectrometer (Figure 10.20). 

The primary and immediate need is for a trace metal reference material, but a certified reference material would provide even greater benefits. A technique based on isotope dilution with detection by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Wu and Boyle, 1998) most clearly meets the traceability criteria required for a certified reference material. Although useful for iron and several other metals, isotope dilution is not possible for monoisotopic elements like cobalt, so other techniques must also be used. Indeed, it is advisable that several techniques be used to certify a trace metal reference material. 

The major anions and cations in seawater have a significant influence on most analytical protocols used to determine trace metals at low concentrations, so production of reference materials in seawater is absolutely essential. The major ions interfere strongly with metal analysis using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and must be eliminated. Consequently, preconcentration techniques used to lower detection limits must also exclude these elements. Techniques based on solvent extraction of hydrophobic chelates and column preconcentration using Chelex 100 achieve these objectives and have been widely used with GFAAS. 

Dodson MH (1963) A theoretical study of the use of internal standards for precise isotopic analysis by the surface ionization technique Part I General first-order algebraic solutions. J Sci Instrum 40 289-295 Douglas DJ (1989) Some current perspectives on ICP-MS. Canad J Spectrosc 34 38-49 Douglas DJ, French JB (1986) An improved interface for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Spectrochim Acta 41B 197-204... 

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