Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer ICP-MS

Elemental analysis by mass spectrometiy was performed using a Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 6000 Inductively Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and a ThermoFinnigan Element 2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Sector Field Mass Spectrometer. The iron oxide colored fibers (Table III, 16, 17) were weighed into the following aliquots (1) 1 mg rabbit hair (RH), (2) 5 mg RH, (3) 1 mg of milkweed (MW), (4) 5 mg MW and (5) a mixture of 2.5 mg RH and MW each. These samples were combined with concentrated nitric acid. Wanning the mixture to just below boiling temperature for 5 to 7 minutes did not result in total digestion. Hence, the incubation time in the water bath was increased to 30 minutes. Afterward, these samples were analyzed in the spectrometer. 

The analyses were carried out at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, IL. The instrumentation is a Varian inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) equivalent to the actual Varian 810 instrument. A New Wave UP213 laser is connected to the ICP-MS for direct introduction of solid samples. 

Table 4 Typical Detection Limits Using a Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)a...

Figure 14 Chromatogram of a mixture of organotin compounds, recorded with the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) coupled to the gas chromatograph (GC) with custom-made transfer line. Injection temperature, 240°C split, 1/20 detector, ICP-MS. Transfer line temperature 250°C carrier gas, Ar. (b) Chromatogram of a mixture of organotin compounds, recorded with the FID detector. Injection temperature, 240°C detector FID carrier gas Ar. (From Ref. 91.)...

This experiment presents the measurement of uranium with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). In this system, a nebulizer converts the aqueous sample to an aerosol carried with argon gas. A torch heats the aerosol to vaporize and atomize the contents in quartz tubes. The atoms are ionized with an efficiency of about 95% by an RF (radiofrequency) coil. The plasma expands at a differentially-pumped air-vacuum interface into a vacuum chamber. The positive ions are focused and injected into the MS while the rest of the gas is removed by the pump. The ions are then accelerated, collected, and measured as a function of their mass. Losses at various stages, notably the vacuum interface, result in a detection efficiency of about 0.1 %, which is still sufficient to provide great sensitivity. The amounts of uranium isotopes in the sample are determined by comparisons to standards. Because different laboratories have different instruments, the instructor will provide instrument operating instmctions. Do not use the instrument until the instructor has checked the instrument and approved its use. 

In the early 1980s quadrupole mass spectrometers using argon plasma as the ionization source, i.e., inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICP-MS), were developed. Although these instruments were designed primarily for measuring the concentrations of trace elements, many studies have employed them for U-Pb dating. and... 

Fig. 1 The inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) used as a detector for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The liquid sample passes through the capillary into a nebulizer where it is changed into an aerosol. The aerosol passes through a spray chamber and into the plasma. The analytes pass into the mass spectrometer. The CE interface is not in detail in this figure.

Much more sensitive and less time-consuming techniques such as mass spectrometry, atomic emission, and atomic absorption are needed for the analysis of pollutants. Detectors such as graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometer (GF-AAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), or inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) seem to be ideal candidates for the analysis of trace metals because of their very low detection limits. The high temperatures used avoid the need for tedious digestions in many samples. FFF-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry could perhaps be used in the analysis of particular organic molecules. 

The gas chromatograph may be interfaced with atomic spectroscopic instruments for specific element detection. This powerful combination is useful for speci-ation of different forms of toxic elements in the environment. For example, a helium microwave induced plasma atomic emission detector (AED) has been used to detect volatile methyl and ethyl derivatives of mercury in fish, separated by GC. Also, gas chromatographs are interfaced to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometers (ICP-MS) in which atomic isotopic species from the plasma are introduced into a mass spectrometer (see Section 20.10 for a description of mass spectrometry), for very sensitive simultaneous detection of species of several elements. 

The need for extensive sample purification depends in part on the instrument. Typically, the inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP/MS) does not require the degree of separation needed in thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). TIMS offers greater detection sensitivity at the cost of more elaborate... 

One half of the PTFE filters were used for the WS trace metal analysis. The WS metals were extracted by ultrasonicating for an hour at room temperamre with 20 ml of ultrapure water. The extracts were passed through a 0.45 mm pore size filter before analysis. Both extracts were analyzed for 14 metals, i.e., Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Ag, Ti, Zn and V, with the ELAN 6100 Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS, PerkinEhner, Inc., MA, U.S.A.). Prior to each analytical batch, the ICP-MS was cafibrated with multi-element standards at different concentrations, prepared from serial dilution of 1,000 mg/1 of individual standard solutions, and its response was regularly verified by a calibration standard. The instmmental settings used for the analysis were similar to those recommended by the manufacturer. 

Part III provides several conventional, environmental evaluation processes for surface finishing. In chapter The Necessity and Meaning , we describe the necessity and meaning of enviromnental evaluation for surface finishing. Also we discuss evaluation processes that have already been used. In chapter Frequently Used Evaluations for Effluents , the Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) and the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) are mainly described and discussed as conventional, but powerful analytical tools. In chapter Frequently Used Evaluations for Aerial and Solid Pollution , the conventional analyses for aerial and solid pollution are presented. These types of pollution have caused very serious problems. Therefore, various countermeasures have been devised for them. And even nowadays, new problems such as air pollutants called particulate matter are emerging. These air pollutants include solid particles and liquid droplets that come in various sizes. The small particles that are 2.5 pm or less are called PM2.5. In this chapter, we also focus oti gas chromatography/ion chromatography from the fundamental viewpoint. In chapter Dissolution Assay , the dissolution assay process is described. This type of analysis is used to measure the dissolution amounts and characteristics for many kinds of metal components of materials. 

While the ionization filament in a TIMS may be heated to a maximum temperature of 2,500°C, inductively coupled plasma reach temperatures of 15,000-20,000°C and have much higher ionization efficiency. A pneumatic nebulizer serves to inject sample solutions directly into the plasma. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICP-MS) have thus become powerful tools in trace and ultra-trace analyses with detection limits down to 1 ppq or less. O Section 63.4.5.8 refers to ICP-MS applications in measuring alternative nuclear materials, Am, Np, and Cm, and Sects. 63.5.2 and 63.5.5.4 dwell upon their use in environmental analyses for safeguards. 

Four backside ports (1—4, Figure 1.16) enable the power of additional external multicommutation valves, micropumps or other instruments either directly or via a relay allowing remote software control (e.g. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)). This amplifies the possibilities to construct sophisticated flow networks (see Figure 1.17). 

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