INDEX system classification

Searching of one or more on-line databases is a technique increasingly used ia novelty studies. The use of such databases enables the searcher to combine indexing parameters, including national and international classifications natural language words ia the full text of patents, ia their claims, or ia abstracts suppHed by iaventor and by professional documentation services and indexing systems of various sorts. Because the various patent databases have strengths and weaknesses that complement each other, the use of multiple databases is thus pmdent, and is faciUtated by multifile and cross-file techniques provided by the various on-line hosts. 

A far-sighted company policy can do more to save time in making searches than individual searchers can possibly save. When a company develops its own tailored subject index system of classification, covering its entire field of interest, and feeds into this its current literature abstracts and reviews of currently issued patents, the over-all saving of search time will be from 50 to 70%, after the system has been in effect for 20 or more years. When such a procedure is used, the time saved in searching is directly proportional to the number of years covered and the quality of the classification system. For the first year or so, the time saved is small, but it mounts yearly. In time, files of articles and patent references are built up on all subjects likely to interest the company. These files constitute searches in themselves and are kept up to date by the routine abstracting and patent indexing. 

The detector can be considered as the "soul" of a HPLC system. Connected to the outlet end of the column, its role is to monitor the column effluent in real time. Detectors can be the most sophisticated and expensive component of the system. Classification of detectors is of two sorts, selective detectors which give different responses depending on the molecular structure of the sample under analysis, or universal detectors, for whom the response is similar for most compounds. Absorbance and fluorescence detectors are termed selective detectors, while the refractive index (RI) is a "universal detector". The Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) detector is more selective and sensitive, being able to detect amounts as low as lO g/mL, while the RI detector s sensitivity is in the range of lO g/mL. Therefore selective detectors can be used to minimise interference from unwanted components. As for fluorescence detectors, their sensitivity is in the range of lO i g/mL for... 

The retention index system has the advantage of being based on readily available reference materials that cover a wide boiling range. In addition, the temperature dependence of retention indexes is relatively small. In 1984 Sadtier Research Laboratories introduced a library of retention indexes measured on four types of fused-silica open tubular columns. The computerized format of the database allows retention index searching and possible identity recall with a desktop computer. Measurement of retention indexes is the basis of the Rohrschneider-McReynolds scheme for classification of stationary phases in GC (see Section 27C-4),... 

Azo dyes are classified according to a color index system based on usage and chemical constituents. These are subdivided into monoazo, disazo, trisazo, and polyazo derivatives with a specific assigned range of color index number. Another classification system involves dividing dyes into dyeing classes such as acid, basic, disperse, direct, mordant, and reactive dyes. Azo compounds are used extensively as dyes to color varnishes, paper, fabrics, inks, paints, plastics, and cosmetics. They are used in color photography. 

A paraffin wax is a petroleum wax consisting principally of normal alkanes. MicrocrystalHne wax is a petroleum wax containing substantial proportions of branched and cycHc saturated hydrocarbons, in addition to normal alkanes. SernimicrocrystaUine wax contains more branched and cycHc compounds than paraffin wax, but less than microcrystalHne. A classification system based on the refractive index of the wax and its congealing point as... 

Another classification of detector is the bulk-property detector, one that measures a change in some overall property of the system of mobile phase plus sample. The most commonly used bulk-property detector is the refractive-index (RI) detector. The RI detector, the closest thing to a universal detector in lc, monitors the difference between the refractive index of the effluent from the column and pure solvent. These detectors are not very good for detection of materials at low concentrations. Moreover, they are sensitive to fluctuations in temperature. 

Classification by usage or appHcation is the principal system adopted by the Colour Index (5). Because the most important textile fibers are cotton (qv) and polyester, the most important dye types are those used for dyeing these two fibers, including polyester—cotton blends (see Fibers, polyester). 

There are three major steps to a patent search. (1) There is the US Patent Classification System that is a sort of subject index to all patents, (2) CASSIS is a computerized software information system provided by the USA patent office, and (3) review the patent that takes time involves the weekly official worldwide gazettes, magazines, etc. There are many ways available to search the patent database in both US and worldwide, but one web that is particularly useful to the novice or occasional searcher is one offered by IBM locate at http //www patents.IBM.com... 

Waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate release solid oral dosage forms based on a biopharmaceutics classification system. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, issued 8/2000, posted 8/31/2000. http //www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/ index, htm... 

A major objective of this chapter is to outline the principal system by which colorants are classified, namely the widely accepted Colour Index classification. After tracing the developments from which this system has evolved [12,13], the distribution of existing dyes and pigments among the various classes listed therein will be introduced. Each of these classes will be discussed in turn, illustrated by structural formulae. 

The explanatory system which dramatically combined the classification methods of natural history with the quantitative methods of physical laws was the periodic system worked out by Dmitri Mendeleev (and independently, although less successfully, by Meyer). What is the great tableau that is the periodic table Is it icon, index, or symbol It is not metaphor. Is it a model There is no chemical laboratory in the world where Mendeleev s table does not hang on the wall, despite the fact that the original version is well over one hundred years old. Its center remains untouched. Give a chemist a choice between the periodic table (fig. 4) and Schrodinger s equation. Which would she take ... 

FDA (August 2000) Guidance for industry Waiver of In Vivo Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System, http //www.fda.gov/cder/ guidance/index.htm Biopharmaceutics... 

In addition, at each step the four-figure EC number (see p. 88) for the enzyme responsible for a reaction is given in italics. The enzyme name and its systematic classification in the system used by the Enzyme Catalogue are available in the following annotated enzyme list (pp. 420-430), in which all of the enzymes mentioned in this book are listed according to their EC number. The book s index is helpful when looking for a specific enzyme in the text. 

Selected entries from Methods in Enzymology [vol, page(s)] Databases and Resources Information services of European Bioinformatics Institute, 266, 3 TDB new databases for biological discovery, 266, 27 PIR-international protein sequence database, 266, 41 superfamily classification in PIR-international protein sequence database, 266, 59 gene classification artificial neural system, 266, 71 blocks database and its applications, 266, 88 indexing and using sequence databases, 266, 105 SRS information retrieval system for molecular biology data banks, 266, 114. 

EU GHS (2011) Globally Harmonized System for classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures, http //ec.europa.eu/ enterprise/sectors/chemicals/classification/ index en.htm. Accessed 24 Aug 2011... 

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