INDEX recurrent

The subvector c]n m (s) has the dimension n+ 1. The three index recurrence equations [Eqs. (295)—(297)] for h]fk(s) can then be transformed into the matrix three-term differential-recurrence equation... 

Lithium is used in the prophylaxis and treatment of mania and in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. Lithium should be stopped 24 hours before major surgery but the normal dose can be continued for minor surgery, with careful monitoring of fluids and electrolytes. After major surgery, renal function is reduced and this may compromise clearance of lithium. Lithium is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index and it should be avoided if possible in patients with renal impairment. Renal function should be tested before initiating treatment. If lithium is given to patients with renal impairment, a reduced dose should be used and serum lithium concentrations should be monitored closely. 

In humans, early symptoms of intoxication may include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, malaise, and myoclonic jerks of the limbs clonic and tonic convulsions and sometimes coma follow and may occur without the premonitory symptoms. A suicidal person who ingested 25.6mg/kg developed convulsions within 20 minutes that persisted recurrently until large amounts of barbiturates had been administered. Hematuria and azotemia occurred the day after ingestion and continued for 18 days. Liver function studies were within normal limits except for an elevated icterus index an electroencephalogram revealed generalized cerebral dysrhythmia, which returned to normal after 5 months. ... 

There are no studies to guide how long antidepressants should be continued in children and adolescents once a response has been achieved. A naturalistic study by Emsiie and colleagues (130) of 70 children and adolescents with MDD revealed that 98% recovered from their index episodes of MDD within 1 year of their initial evaluation. More than 80% received antidepressants, but the nature of the treatment was determined by the individual clinician rather than dictated by a treatment protocol. More than 60% of these patients had at least one recurrence during a 1- to 5-year follow-up period. Of those with a recurrence, 47% occurred within 1 year of their recovery and 70% within 2 years. These results are consistent with earlier studies indicating that 54% to 72% of children and adolescents with MDD have a recurrent episode when followed up for 3 to 8 years (130, 131). Until studies are done, it would seem prudent to follow the same continuation and maintenance treatment guidelines for children and adolescents as for adults with MDD (see Chapter 7). 

Inhibition of the initial step of a biosynthetic pathway by an end product of the pathway is a recurrent theme in metabolic regulation. In addition, many key enzymes are regulated by ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), AMP, or inorganic phosphate ion (Pi). The concentrations of these materials provide a cell with an index of whether energy is abundant or in short supply. Because ATP, ADP, AMP, or P often are chemically unrelated to the substrate of the enzyme that must be regulated, they usually bind to an allosteric site rather than to the active site. 

In summary, the natural history of depression indicates that this is a life-long illness, which is likely to relapse within several months of an index episode, especially if untreated or under-treated or if antidepressants are discontinued, and is prone to multiple recurrences that are possibly preventable by long-term antide-... 

However, be aware that in spite of the usefulness of the MIB-1 antibody in assessing the rate of cell proliferation, the classification of cancers (e.g., breast cancer) by the size of the primary tumor and the presence and extent of lymph node metastases does not adequately explain differences in the clinical outcome of individual patients. Cell proliferation indices are commonly used, along with other diagnostic parameters, to estimate the risk of recurrence of a cancer for individual patients. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between various indices of proliferation such as MIB-1 labeling index and detection by either in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction. This approach will lead to quality assurance in diagnosis. 

In general case Eqs. (4.60) and (4.61) present infinite sets of the five-term (pentadiagonal) recurrence relations with respect to the index l. In certain special cases (t - 0 or a - 0), they reduce to three-term (tridiagonal) recurrence relations. In this section the sweep procedure for solving such relations is described. This method, also known as the Thomas algorithm, is widely used for recurrence relations entailed by the finite-difference approximation in the solution of differential equations (e.g., see Ref. 61). In our case, however, the recurrence relation follows from the exact expansion (4.60) of the distribution function in the basis of orthogonal spherical functions and free of any seal of proximity, inherent to finite-difference method. Moreover, in our case, as explained below, the sweep method provides the numerical representation of the exact solution of the recurrence relations. 

For practical calculations one has to choose a sufficiently large enough / = L and set oy 11 and yi+1 to zero. Then, on implementing the backward recurrence relations (4.65) until 1=1, one evaluates the full set of the sweep coefficients. By an upward iteration of (4.63), one can find all the terms bi with the indices l = 1,... L. Due to the stability of both iteration processes, the initial error, caused by truncation of the infinite recurrences (4.65), dissolves in the course of iterations and finally becomes less than computer zero. The desired accuracy is provided by varying the cutoff index number L normally, the higher a or 2, in Eqs. (4.60)-(4.61), the higher L is to be used. In this sense one may call the solutions obtained numerically exact. 

Equations (4.60) and (4.61) are also able to yield the vector recurrence relations for the case of a skew bias field, that is, when vectors h and n are not parallel. In this case one should ascribe to each bi as many as 21+1 components, corresponding to different values of the azimuthal index m. Another problem, involving vector recurrence relations, is a steady-state nonlinear oscillations of bi in a high-AC field. To study the harmonic content of the nonlinear response, one has to expand all the moments b t)l in the Fourier series. Then the Fourier coefficients may be treated as components of a... 

This was systematically studied with DWI in 62 consecutive patients who presented with a classic lacunar syndrome (Ay et al. 1999). DWI showed subsidiary acute lesion(s) in addition to the index lacunar lesion in ten patients (16%). The additional lesions were punctuate and lay within the leptomen-ingeal arterial territories in the majority. Patients with subsidiary infarction(s) more frequently harbored an embolic cause of stroke. This finding is critical because underlying embolic cause may give rise to recurrent strokes with more extensive brain injury. Identification of subsidiary infarctions on DWI should have an impact in prompting the physician to introduce the best effective treatment for secondary stroke prevention in a patient with lacunar infarction. 

Index functional status 30 d after stroke. The results showed that only the severity of neurological deficit predicted greater 30-d mortality in these patients. Patients with hyperthermia on the first day of hospitalization had increased mortality and worse functional status at 30 d, but increased temperature was not an independent predictor of mortality 30 d after PICH. In a study to assess typical early onset complications following ischemic stroke, Weimar et al. (5) looked at a cohort of 3866 patients from 14 neurology departments with an acute stroke unit. In the first week following admission, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and recurrent cerebral ischemia were the most frequent complications, along with fever, severe hypertension, and pneumonia. Similar concerns are also found in cardiac surgery patients in whom perioperative stroke occurred (6). 

When n = 1/2, the result is Ji/2(x) = (2/jrx)l/2sin x. From the recurrence relations, it can be found that J.1/2 = (2/jtx),/2cos x. The recurrence relation Jn+1 = (2n/x)J - Jn j can the be employed to discover all the other functions of half-integral index. Numerical calculations using recurrence equations are easily impaired by roundoff error, since the error can propagate through successive recurrences. 

Recurrence relations have been established for the Wiener index of cataconden-sed benzenoid systems, both unbranched [125] and branched [126]. Based on these relations it could be shown that for unbranched catacondensed systems Uh with h hexagons [127],... 

Discontinuation s3mdrome (recurrence of disease, rebound, or withdrawal syndrome) may occur due to a variety of mechanisms (see Index). 

Viral mutants As the duration of lamivudine therapy increases, the number of mutants rises, especially those resulting from YMDD-polymerase mutation. Viral mutants are found in about 20% of cases after 1 year, in 35-40% after 2 years and in 60-70% after 4 years. (159) Clinically, lamivudine resistance is recognizable due to an increase of transaminases and a recurrence of vir-aemia. Risk factors include high GPT (ALT) values, an elevated HBV-DNA level and a pathological body mass index. In the case of resistance, the use of adefovir is recommended, since this nucleoside is also efficacious against HBV mutants. 

The natural course of disease shows an average survival rate of 5 months (2-8 months). Longer courses of HCC have only been observed occasionally some 3% of patients survive for 5 years. The number of tumour nodes as well as the existing cirrhosis correlate with the likelihood of recurrence. In contrast, the histological degree of tumour differentiation as well as potential capsule or bile formation by the tumour are unlikely or still disputed risk factors for a relapse. This is also true of the biological features of the tumour, such as ploidy, mitosis rate and proliferation marker index. (57, 108)... 

Atropine is the classic anticholinergic bronchodila-tor. It antagonizes acetylcholine, resulting in reduced intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and smooth muscle relaxation. In horses, the therapeutic index of atropine is narrow and the duration of action is short (0.5-2.0 h). Adverse systemic effects associated with parenteral atropine administration include mydriasis, ileus, dry mucous membranes, blurred vision, excitement and tachycardia. Atropine is not suitable for routine administration to horses with recurrent airway obstruction. 

Ivanciuc, O. (1998e) Design of topological indices. Part 9. A new recurrence relationship for the Hosoya Z(Ch) index of a molecular graph. Rev. Roum. Chim., 43, 481-484. 

Here, the formula is just 2 raised to a power, the value of which is defined by each element of the domain. Notice that the use of r as a counting index is arbitrary any other appropriate letter (with the exception of u which we have used already) would do. A counting index such as r is often termed a dummy index.. An alternative way of generating this sequence is accomplished using a recurrence relation as the prescription, where each successive term is obtained from the previous term. For example, the sequence given in equation (1.8) can alternatively be expressed as ... 

Differentiating the right-hand sides of equations (89) and (90) with respect to the slow time x, one can remove the fraction 1 jn with the aid of the recurrence relations (87) and (88). After that, changing if necessary the summation index n to nip, one can verify that almost all terms in the right-hand sides are canceled, and the infinite series are reduced to the finite sums ... 

Stapleton AM, Zbell P, Kattan MW, et al. Assessment of the biologic markers p53, Ki-67, and apoptotic index as predictive indicators of prostate carcinoma recurrence after surgery. Cancer. 1998 82 168. 

Dose Serum-Level Monitoring The recommended therapeutic concentration usually is attained by doses of 900-1500 mg of hthium carbonate per day in outpatients and 1200-2400 mg/day in hospitalized manic patients. The optimal dose tends to be larger in younger and heavier individuals. Because of its low therapeutic index, periodic determination of serum concentrations of LL is crucial. LL cannot be used safely in patients who cannot be tested regularly. Concentrations considered to be effective and acceptably safe are between 0.6 and 1.25 mEq/L. The range of 0.9-1.1 mEq/L is favored for treatment of acutely manic or hypomanic patients. Somewhat lower values (0.6-0.75 mEq/L) are considered adequate and are safer for long-term use for prevention of recurrent manic-depressive illness. Some patients may not relapse at concentrations as low as 0.5-0.6 mEq/L, and lower levels usually are better tolerated. 

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