Index qualities

Plots of a two-phase multiplier as a function of property index, quality, and mass flux (Fig. 3.43). 

Kallio et al. developed an automated procedure for the identification of individual compounds in atmospheric samples and used it for the data analysis of rural aerosol samples [32]. In this procedure, retention indexes, quality parameters (minimum required similarity, S/N value, allowed I difference between experimental and library values), modulation parameters, library files, and retention times of reference compounds were utilized to construct a program for data analysis. As output, the program listed compounds that fulfilled the required criteria. The automated procedure was compared with manual identification, and it was concluded that the automated procedure worked satisfactorily if the concentrations were sufficiently high (above ca. 10 ng/m ), but for very low concentrations (low ng/m ) manual search was more accurate. 

As a consequence, other than its use in the ndM method, the refractive index is very often used in process operations because it can indicate smaii differences in product quality that would be missed by other measurements. The only restriction is that the color of the sample should be less than 5 on the ASTM D 1500 scale. 

In order to maintain high energy efficiency and ensure a long service life of the materials of construction in the combustion chamber, turbine and jet nozzle, a clean burning flame must be obtained that minimizes the heat exchange by radiation and limits the formation of carbon deposits. These qualities are determined by two procedures that determine respectively the smoke point and the luminometer index. 

One other characteristic linked to the quality of combustion is called the CIl (Calculated Ignition Index) and is expressed by the equation / ... 

This form of limited-conversion hydrocracking is a process that selectively prepares high quality residues for the special manufacture of base oils of high viscosity index or treating residues having low BMCl for the conversion of heavy fractions to ethylene, propylene, butadiene and aromatics. 

Measured in MJ/m or Btu/ft, the Wobbe Index has an advantage over the calorific value of a gas (the heating value per unit volume or weight), which varies with the density of the gas. The Wobbe Index Is commonly specified in gas contracts as a guarantee of product quality. A customer usually requires a product whose Wobbe Index lies within a narrow range, since a burner will need adjustment to a different fuel air ratio if the fuel quality varies significantly. A sudden increase in heating value of the feed can cause a flame-out. 

When a customer agrees to purchase gas, product quality is specified in terms of the calorific value of the gas, measured by the Wobbe index (calorific value divided by density), the hydrocarbon dew point and the water dew point, and the fraction of other gases such as Nj, COj, HjS. The Wobbe index specification ensures that the gas the customer receives has a predictable calorific value and hence predictable burning characteristics. If the gas becomes lean, less energy is released, and if the gas becomes too rich there is a risk that the gas burners flame out . Water and hydrocarbon dew points (the pressure and temperature at which liquids start to drop out of the gas) are specified to ensure that over the range of temperature and pressure at which the gas is handled by the customer, no liquids will drop out (these could cause possible corrosion and/or hydrate formation). 

The basic condition of the Standard application - the availability of stable coupled probabilistic or the multiple probabilistic relations between then controlled quality indexes and magnetic characteristics of steel. All the probabilistic estimates, used in the Standard, are applied at confidence level not less than 0,95. General requirements to the means of control and procedure of its performance are also stipulated. Engineers of standard development endeavoured take into consideration the existed practice of technical control performance and test at the enterprises that is why the preparation of object control for the performance of nondestructive test can be done during the process of ordinary acceptance test. It is suggested that every enterprise is operated in correspondence with direct and non-destructive tests, obtained exactly at it, for detailed process chart and definite product type, however the tests have long since been performed after development of the Standard displayed that process gives way to unification. 

In 1990, ASTM E07-01 started work on a revision of E94. The proposed criteria for film classification used graininess and gradient to produce an index which represented quality. In early work it was discovered that a fine grained film was possible with low contrast which produced the same index as a fine grained film with high contrast. 

Water Quality Maintenance. In addition to controlling algae and microorganisms such as bacteria, proper swimming pool maintenance requires control of free and combined available chlorine, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and saturation index. Ranges for various swimming pool parameters (Table 2) are recommended by The National Spa and Pool Institute (14). 

Microsoft Windows integrated program allowing for 3D molecular visualization and the generation of high quality rendered images. http //www.msi.com/download/index.html... 

Produet toleranee ean signifieantly influenee produet variability. Unfortunately, we have dilfieulty in finding the exaet relationship between them. An approximate relationship ean be found from the proeess eapability index, a quality metrie interrelated to manufaeturing eost and toleranee (Lin et al., 1997). The random manner by whieh the inherent inaeeuraeies within a manufaeturing proeess are generated produees a pattern of variation for the dimension whieh resembles the Normal distribution (Chase and Parkinson, 1991 Mansoor, 1963) and therefore proeess eapability indiees, whieh are based on the Normal distribution, are suitable for use. See Appendix IV for a detailed diseussion of proeess eapability indiees. 

NR = No index values reported at concentration levels below those specified by "alert level" criteria (Table 5-1). Annual primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard. 

Air quality indexes have been devised for categorizing the air quality measurements of several individual pollutants by one composite number. The index used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is called the Pollutant Standards Index (PSl) (Table 4-6). 

Suspended particles are the most important factor in visibility reduction. In most instances, the visual quality of air is controlled by partide scattering and is characterized by the extinction coeffident The size of particles plays a crucial role in their interaction with light. Other factors are the refractive index and shape of the particles, although their effect is harder to measure and is less well understood. If we could establish these properties, we could calculate the amount of light scattering and absorption. Alternatively, the extinction coeffident associated with an aerosol can be measured directly. 

Perceived Visual Air Quality (PVAQ) an index that relates directly to how human observers perceive changes in visual air quality. 

Like VDA 6.1, AVSQ 94 does not include the requirements of ISO 9001. In this way issues of copyright are overcome, a practice shared by VDA and EAQF but not QS-9000. However, unlike VDA 6.1, AVSQ 94 follows the 20 elements of ISO 9001 with two additional elements, covering financial considerations and product safety. Those questions that go beyond ISO 9001 are marked and as every question is numbered it simplifies the evaluation process. A scoring method is employed to classify organizations in terms of a conformity index. Each question is awarded a point (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, or 10), where 10 points means full compliance, 7.5 points means minor inadequacies, 5 points means inadequacies in application requiring improvement, 2.5 points means serious inadequacies in application, and 0 points is used for criteria not applied. Unfortunately all questions carry the same weight as no account of the impact of omission on product quality or customer satisfaction is included. 

Are quality records collected, indexed, accessed, filed, stored, maintained, and dispositioned in accordance with documented procedures ... 

The documents that define the calibration process themselves are derived documents and therefore will be governed by your control procedure. They do not need to be listed along with all your other control and operating procedures in the index of quality system documents. A separate index of calibration methods should be maintained. Calibration methods are like test and inspection procedures, they are product specific. 

The standard requires the supplier to establish and maintain procedures for the indexing of quality records. 

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