Composite numbers

The suitabiHty and economics of a distillation separation depend on such factors as favorable vapor—Hquid equiHbria, feed composition, number of components to be separated, product purity requirements, the absolute pressure of the distillation, heat sensitivity, corrosivity, and continuous vs batch requirements. Distillation is somewhat energy-inefficient because in the usual case heat added at the base of the column is largely rejected overhead to an ambient sink. However, the source of energy for distillations is often low pressure steam which characteristically is in long supply and thus relatively inexpensive. Also, schemes have been devised for lowering the energy requirements of distillation and are described in many pubHcations (87). 

Air quality indexes have been devised for categorizing the air quality measurements of several individual pollutants by one composite number. The index used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is called the Pollutant Standards Index (PSl) (Table 4-6). 

To this point, our study of chemistry has been largely qualitative, involving very few calculations. However, chemistry is a quantitative science. Atoms of elements differ from one another not only in composition (number of protons, electrons, neutrons), but also in mass. Chemical formulas of compounds tell us not only the atom ratios in which elements are present but also the mass ratios. 

Sample Monomer Feed Composition Number A B Mole 2 A in A + B Mu x 10-3 A/maz InmJ... 

Bizzini, B., Blass, J., Turpin, A., and Raynaud, M. (1970) Chemical characterization of tetanus toxin and toxoid amino acid composition, number of SH and S-S groups and N-terminal amino acid. Eur. J. Biochem. 17, 100-105. 

Isotope Percent Composition Number of Protons Number of Neutrons... 

The adjuvanticity of liposomes depends upon their composition, number of layers and charge characteristics. They act as effective adjuvants for both protein- and carbohydrate-based antigens and help stimulate both B- and T-cell responses. Their likely mode of action includes depot formation, but they also possibly increase/enhance antigen presentation to macrophages. The exact molecular mechanism(s) by which they stimulate a T-cell response remains to be elucidated,... 

Radionuclide An atom that is distinguished by its nucleus composition (number of protons, number of neutrons, energy content), atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass. 

COMPOSITE NUMBER a whole number, excluding 1 and 0, that has more factors than 1 and the number itself. 

A composite number is a number that has more than two factors. 

Given the following amino acid sequence, estimate (ProtParam of ExPASy) its amino acid composition, numbers of charged residues, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, and instability index of the protein. Elaborate briefly how extinction coefficient, half-life and instability index are estimated. 

The knots in Figure 21 are all prime knots because they cannot be divided (factored) into smaller, nontrivial knots. Prime knots are the building blocks of composite knots and of links. Like prime numbers, which yield composite numbers upon multiplication, or like atoms in chemistry, which yield molecules upon combination, prime knots are the elementary units of knot theory. Composite knots are exemplified by the topologically achiral square knot and the topologically chiral granny knot (Figure 22). In each of these knots, a plane perpendicular to the... 

If a proper fraction has a prime number in its denominator, then it is already in simplest form. However, a proper fraction could have a composite number in its denominator, and it may also be in simplest form. For instance, the fraction y is in simplest form even though 8 is not a prime number, but the fraction 20- must be in simplest form, because 41 is a prime number. 

The overall heat transfer coefficient is a composite number. It depends on the individual heat transfer coefficients on each side of the tube and the thermal conductivity of the tube material. The individual heat transfer coefficient in turn depends on the fluid flow rate, physical properties of the fluid, and dirt factor. The temperature along the tube is not uniform. The hot and the cold fluids may flow in the same (cocurrent) or in opposite (countercurrent) directions. Generally the hot and cold fluids come in contact only once, and such an exchanger is called single pass. In a multipass exchanger, the design of the... 

A composite number can be divided, or factored, into two or more prime numbers in addition to 1 and itself. Ten is a composite number because it can be divided by 2, 5, 1, and itself. The numbers 2 and 5 are the prime factors of 10. Any whole number that is not a prime is a composite. 

One difference between prime and composite numbers is that it takes relatively little time to determine if a number is prime, but far longer to determine the prime factors of a composite number, especially if the composite is very large (100 digits or more). This discrepancy in computation time is important in developing computer security systems. 

Prime and composite numbers play an important role in modern cryptography or coding systems. Huge volumes of confidential information (credit card numbers, bank account numbers) and large amounts of money are transferred electronically around the world every day, all of which must kept secret. One of the important applications of number theory is keeping secrets. 

Composite number—number that can be divided into two or more prime numbers in addition to 1 and itself. 

Fig. 3. Dependence of free fluctuation volume portion on temperature for various compositions. Curve numbers correspond to composition numbers of Table 3.

AdPR83 Leonard M. Adleman, Carl Pomerance, R. S. Rumely On distinguishing prime numbers from composite numbers Annals of Mathematic 117 (1983) 173-206. 

Composite Numbers Have more than 2 factors. You can think of composite as the opposite of prime-, however, note that 1 is not composite. 

Any composite number can be written as the product of prime numbers. This simply means that if you break the factors of any composite number down far enough, you will arrive at a set of prime numbers. 

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