MATERIAL INDEX

Sa.tura.tion Index. Materials of constmction used in pools are subject to the corrosive effects of water, eg, iron and copper equipment can corrode whereas concrete and plaster can undergo dissolution, ie, etching. The corrosion rate of metallic surfaces has been shown to be a function of the concentrations of Cl ,, dissolved O2, alkalinity, and Ca hardness as well as buffer intensity, time, and the calcium carbonate saturation index (35). 

Material No. of tests Specific gravity Work index Material No. of tests Specific gravity Work index ... 

Xu, Q. Almeida, V. R. Panepucci, R. R. Lipson, M., Experimental demonstration of guiding and confining light in nanometer size low refractive index material, Opt. Lett. 2004, 29, 1626 1628... 

Fig. 12.3 Refractive index (a) and TE polarized modal field profiles of a CBNL designed for m 7, Les 0.852 pm, with 5 internal and 10 external Bragg layers, (b) A nonperiodic distribution of high and low index material is required in an annular Bragg resonator...

The Bragg confinement mechanism allows great flexibility in engineering the radial mode profile. For example, it is possible to design a resonator in which the light is confined within a defect composed of low refractive index material or even air. By contrast, this would be impossible in the case of conventional TIR-based resonators. Such configuration is useful for sensing applications as discussed later. 

One possibility to obtain a relatively small leakage into the substrate is to introduce a thin film of metal or absorbing layer such as a polymer or a dye with a complex dielectric function, or a thin layer of low refractive index material... 

Mond Index Material factor Special material hazards General process hazards Special process hazards Quantity factor Layout hazards Toxicity hazards... 

Calculated parameters in a preprocessing step are the indexed material costs c% and the indexed product value rate c j", both defined / i.p2,l2 e IVC4. teT and the final material costs cv tmc and product... 

Now, indexed material costs for all subsequent products and locations are calculated along the value chain within the indexed step sequence applying location mapping, recipe factors and product value rates as currency relations between starting location // and ending location l2. 

Then, indexed material costs can be used to calculate indexed product value rates for all other products and locations along the value chain within the index sequence summing up material costs and average production cost rates considering location exchange rate factor ratios. 

Final material cost rates and product value rates are determined based on the indexed material cost and product value rates. Multiple indexed material cost and product value rates occur, if cyclic material flows exist in the value chain. In order to apply index-independent cost and value rates in the model for future inventory planning, the maximum value and cost rates are determined for all products, locations and periods across all value chain steps i. 

The dependence of PS porosity on doping density has been exploited to fabricate optical waveguides. Such structures require only a single variation of refractive index. If a p-type substrate with implanted p+ lines is anodized and partially oxidized, mesoporous lines of high refractive index are embedded in a low refractive index material. An obtained refractive index contrast between core and clad of 30% is promising for future applications [Tal2]. 

The spectrophotometer measures the transmission and, if an absorption measurement is carried out, converts the transmission into absorbance using these equations. This conversion works fine for samples where there is no reflection, either specular or diffuse, as is the case for nonturbid solutions. However, for films there is invariably some reflection, which is often quite large, particularly for films of high dielectric constant (or refractive index) materials, such as PbS and PbSe. Additionally, if the films are not completely transparent, then scattering introduces an extra element of reflection. Therefore, to measure the real absorption of a film, a reflection measurement must also be carried out and correction for this reflection made. The correction will be approximate and depends on the nature of the film itself. However, that most commonly used is... 

Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR).4c A sample brought in contact with the totally reflecting surface of a high-refractive-index material (the ATR crystal), will, on IR irradiation, give an evanescent wave in the less dense medium that extends beyond the reflecting interface. This wave will be attenuated in regions of the IR spectrum where the sample absorbs energy. Observation of such waves constitute ATR measurements. Only the small amounts of beads necessary to cover the area of the ATR crystal are required. 

A three-layer, planar optical waveguide consists basically of a high-RI film with RI np that is sandwiched between two lower-refractive-index materials referred to as the substrate and the cover medium with RIs ns and c> respectively Fig. 2. If Maxwell s equations are solved for such a layered structure, the following solutions for the electromagnetic field [Pg.281]

Figure 6. Experimental outfit to obtain a reproducible surface of the reflection element (1). There are two possible solutions, which are especially suited for biological samples (2) (a) disposable slide (5) of high index material in optical contact with the reflection element (1). The optical contact is achieved by means of a liquid (6). (b) coating with a high index liquid (3). The coating is formed by means of a thin foil (4) with an appropriate aperture.

Physics of Negative Refraction and Negative Index Materials... 

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