Optical waveguide fabrication

Korishko YN, Fedorov VA, Feoktistova OY (2000) LiNbOS Optical waveguide fabrication by high-temperature proton exchange. J Lightwave Technol 18 562-568... 

PLC (planar lightwave circuits) Optical waveguides fabricated on planar substrate. 

Hiraoui M, Haji L, Guendouz M, Lorrain N, Moadhen A, Oueslati M (2012b) Towards a biosensor based on anti resonant reflecting optical waveguide fabricated from porous silicon. Biosens Bioelectron 36(1) 212-216... 

Maruo, Y. Y., Sasaki, S., and Tamamura, X, Channel optical waveguide fabrication based on electron beam irradiation of polyimides, Appl. Opt., 34, 1047, 1995. 

The experiment was carried out by a continuously working Nd YAG-laser fabricated by NEC. The laser has a maximum output of 1200 W and is controlled by handling facility with a linear axle. A stage index fiber optical waveguide with a diameter of d=1000 pm was used for the control of the beam. The focusing optics consist of a focusing lens (f=l 16 mm) and a collimation lens (f=70 mm). 

The market for fused siUca started ia 1906 with the sale of siUca muffles and pipes. That same year resulted ia the iacorporatioa of the Thermal Syadicate Ltd. Siace that time, worldwide sale of vitreous siUca material and fabricated products has continued to grow. The sales of vitreous siUca iagots, tubes, rods, plates, fabricated products, photomask blanks, cmcibles, and optics was estimated to be between 800 million to 1 biUion ia 1995. These figures do aot, however, take iato accouat the optical waveguide market based oa fused siUca technology. 

The dependence of PS porosity on doping density has been exploited to fabricate optical waveguides. Such structures require only a single variation of refractive index. If a p-type substrate with implanted p+ lines is anodized and partially oxidized, mesoporous lines of high refractive index are embedded in a low refractive index material. An obtained refractive index contrast between core and clad of 30% is promising for future applications [Tal2]. 

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