Negative index

For rational numbers, of the form f, raised to a power n, we can rewrite the number as a product of the numerator with a positive index and the denominator with a negative index ... 

Physics of Negative Refraction and Negative Index Materials... 

The calculation of the activity coefficient is separately done for positively (index i) and negatively (index j) charged species applying Eq. 22. In this example the calculation of the activity coefficients for cations is shown, which can be analogously done for anions just exchanging the corresponding indices. 

As well as the negative index shown above, it is also possible to have fractional indices. Terms such... 

Heineken, P.A. Charles, G. Stimson, D.H. Wenell, C. Stimson, R.H. The use of negative indexes of health to evaluate quality of care in a primary-care group practice. Med. Care 1985, 23 (3), 198-208. 

If the actual pH is below pH, the result is a negative index and CaCO will dissolve in the water. It is also generally assumed that this will indicate the water to be corrosive towards steel in the presence of oxygen. On the other hand if the Langelier index is positive (i.e. pH > pH,) and the water is saturated with CaCO scale formation is likely to occur. 

V.M. Shalaev, Optical negative-index metamaterials. Nature Photon 1, 41-48 (2007)... 

Apart from SNOM (or NSOM), two new, highly resolving techniques are emerging that deserve brief mention here. These are stimulated emission depletion (STED) using focal and doughnut-focal beam shapes, and the microscopy with super lenses out of negative index of refraction materials (NIMs). 

In the theoretically analyzed NIM technique, objects are imaged with a resolution much smaller than the illuminating wavelength, because NIMs, unlike conventional materials, make light to refract inward rather than outward, due to the negative index of refraction." Flat nanolenses of this kind can be used as light couplers in nanooptics. This does, however, not signify a behavior of the surface material, but is rather a particular super lens effects. Practical applications are to be expected. 

NIM Negative index of refraction material used for the construction of superlenses. 

This definition applies for ij > 0 and — ij < d < ij. The associated functions with negative index j8 are related to those with positive index through the equation... 

The simplest way to use metamateiials as antireflection structures is to make a ID multilayer in which isotropic layers of negative index metamaterial and lossless dielectric are alternating. Such structures were extensively researched [218-222]. Metamaterial-containing multilayers are characterized by many peculiar properties with both theoretical and practical interest. Using such structures it is possible to fabricate resonant cavities with subwavelength dimensions [223]. 

J. Li, L. Zhou, C. Chan, P. Sheng, Photonic band gap from a stack of positive and negative index materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(8), 083901 (2003)... 

SI is the stabUity index. A positive index indicates scale formation. A negative index indicates corrosion. This equation was derived with many assumptions that do not apply in all cases. Because of this, the results should not be applied too adamantly. If SI is -1-0.5 or above, consider the system... 

Khoo,l.C., YanaWiUiams,AndresDiaz,KanChen,J.Bossard,D. Werner,E.Graugnard, and C. J. Summers. Forthcoming. Liquid-crystals for optical filters, switches and tunable negative index material development. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst... 

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