In vitro cell tests

Bruch J, Rehn B, Song W, et al Toxicological investigations on silicon carbide. 2. In vitro cell tests and long term injection tests. BrJlndMed 50 807-813, 1993... 

Primary eye irritation- rabbits as test animals - new in vitro cell testing... 

Benzyl-substituted titanocenes do not have stereo centres and therefore stereoisomers do not exist, unlike their ansa analogues. In terms of in vivo and in vitro cell testing, this is advantageous. Previously, the presence of unseparated stereoisomers means that the issue of whether the compounds cytotoxicities are related to specific isomers was not addressed. This is not of concern in the achiral benzyl-substituted titanocenes presented here. 

Hong C, Lee C (2013) In vitro cell tests of pancreatic malignant tumor cells by photothermal therapy based on DMSO porous silicon colloids. Las Med Sci. doi 10.1007/sl0103-013-1316-3... 

Lee C, Hong C, Lee J, Son M, Hong S-S (2012) Comparison of oxidized porous silicon with bare porous silicon as a photothermal agent for cancer cell destruction based on in vitro cell test results. Laser Med Sci 27 1001-1008... 

FIGURE 9.10 In vitro cytotoxicity testing of individual components of recombinant resilin curing polymer system. The light gray areas represent green fluorescence, evidence of live cells, (a) Ammonium persulphate... 

In vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in mammalian cells test OECD... 

Riddell RJ, Panacer DS, Wilde SM, et al. 1986. The importance of exposure period and cell type in in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Altern Lab Anim 14 86-92. 

Mortelmans et al. 1986 NTP 1991). Negative results were also obtained in mammalian cells, except for one observation of polyploidy in Chinese hamster CHL cells (Ishidate et al. 1984 NTP 1991 Perocco et al. 1983). Only a single report was located on the genotoxicity of 77-hexane metabolites induction of chromosome loss was observed in yeast with 2,5-hexanedione (Mayer and Goin 1994). It is also unclear if incubation with liver microsomes (S9 fraction) in in vitro genotoxicity tests results in similar metabolites to those observed in humans in vivo. 

In Vitro Metabolic Activation. The target cells for in vitro mutagenicity tests often possess a limited (often overlooked) capacity for endogenous metabolism of xenobiotics. However, to simulate the complexity of metabolic events that occur in the whole animal, there is a critical need to supplement this activity. 

Preliminary Cytotoxicity Testing. An essential first step is to carry out a preliminary study to evaluate the toxicity of the test material to the indicator cells, under the conditions of the main mutagenicity test. When selecting dose levels, the solubility of the test compound, the resulting pH of the media, and the osmolality of the test solutions all need to be considered. The latter two parameters have been known to induce false positive effects in in vitro mammalian tests (Brusick, 1986). The experimental procedure is carried out as follows. 

Toxic characteristics of industrial wastewater in many countries are still assessed using fish [106-108]. The standardized procedure describes testing with different species in different life stages. For ethical reasons, as well as those linked to cost- and time-effectiveness, labor-intensiveness, analytical output, and effluent sample volume requirements, there is unquestionable value in searching for alternative procedures that would ehminate the drawbacks associated with fish testing. Investigators therefore use an in vitro cell system, which can greatly decrease the need for the in vivo hsh model [37]. 

New developments in cell-culture in-vitro assay tests for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are presented by William G. Thilly in Chapter 2. It is expected that the cell-culture methodology will represent another important technique for the rapid biological assay of carcinogenicity and toxicity. 

Positive results from the in vitro micronucleus test indicate that the test substance induces chromosome damage and/or damage to the cell division apparams, in cultured mammahan somatic cells. Immunochemical labehng (FISH fluorescence in sim hybridization) of kinetochores, or hybridization with general or chromosome specific centromeric/telomeric probes can provide useful information on the mechanism of micronucleus formation. Use of cytokinesis block facilitates the acquisition of the additional mechanistic information (e.g., chromosome nondisjunction) that can be obtained by FISH techniques. The micronucleus assay has a number of advantages over metaphase analysis performed to measure chromosome aberrations (see OECD TG 487 draft). 

Genschow E, Spiehnann H, Scholz G, Pohl I, Seiler A, Clemann N, Bremer S, Becker K (2004) Validation of the embryonic stem cell test in the international ECVAM validation study on three in vitro embryotoxicity tests. Altern Lab Anim 32 209-244... 

Spielmann H, Pohl I, Doering B, Liebsch M, Moldenhauer E (1997) The embryonic stem cell test, an in vitro embryotoxicity test using two permanent mouse cell lines, 3 T3 fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells. In Vitro Toxicol 10 119-127... 

Heuer J (1993) Development of an in vitro embryotoxicity test using murine embryonic stem cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 7 551-556... 

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