In healthy adults

Mobilization and Metabolism. The total ascorbic acid body pool in healthy adults has been estimated to be approximately 1.5 g, which increases to 2.3—2.8 g with intakes of 200 mg/d (151—158). Depletion of the body pool to 600 mg initiates physiological changes, and signs of clinical scurvy are reported when the body pool falls below 300 mg (149). Approximately 3—4% of the body pool turns over daily, representing 40—60 mg/d of metabolized, or consumed, vitamin C. Smokers have a higher metaboHc turnover rate of vitamin C (approximately 100 mg/d) and a lower body pool than nonsmokers, unless compensated through increased daily intakes of vitamin C (159). The metaboHsm of ascorbic acid varies among different species. 

Relatively Httie is known about the bioavailabiUty of pantothenic acid in human beings, and only approximately 50% of pantothenic acid present in the diet is actually absorbed (10). Liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, brain, and testes contain high concentrations of pantothenic acid. In healthy adults, the total amount of pantothenic acid present in whole blood is estimated to be 1 mg/L. A significant (2—7 mg/d) difference is observed among different age-group individuals with respect to pantothenic acid intake and urinary excretion, indicating differences in the rate of metaboHsm of pantothenic acid. 

Clinical manifestation of vitamin B 2 deficiency is usually a result of absence of the gastric absorptive (intrinsic) factor. Dietary deficiency of vitamin B 2 is uncommon and may take 20 to 30 years to develop, even in healthy adults who foUow a strict vegetarian regimen. An effective enterohepatic recycling of the vitamin plus small amounts from bacterial sources and other contaminants greatly minimizes the risk of a complete dietary deficiency. Individuals who have a defect in vitamin B 2 absorption, however, may develop a deficiency within three to seven years. 

The particle size is the most important factor that contributes to the clearance of particles. For particles deposited in the anterior parts of the nose, wiping and blowing are important mechanisms whereas particles on the other areas of the nose are removed with mucus. The cilia move the mucus toward the glottis where the mucus and the particles are swallowed. In the tracheobronchial area, the mucus covering the tracheobronchial tree is moved upward by the cilia beating under the mucus. This mucociliary escalator transports deposited particles and particle-filled macrophages to the pharynx, where they are also swallowed. Mucociliary clearance is rapid in healthy adults and is complete within one to two days for particles in the lower airways. Infection and inflammation due to irritation or allergic reaction can markedly impair this form of clearance. 

The updtitcd stmidard recognizes the current scientific view that exposure to ozone levels at and below the current standard causes significant adverse health clTccts in cliildrcn and in healthy adults engaged in outdoor activities... 

HABiTO R c, MONTALTO J, LESLIE E, BALL M J (2000) Effects of replacing meat with soyabean in the diet on sex hormone concentrations in healthy adult males. 84 557-563. 

HININGER I A, MEYER-WENGER A, MOSER U, WRIGHT A, SOUTHON S, THURNHAN D, CHOPRA M, VAN CEN BERG H, OLMEDILLA B, FAVIER A E and ROUSSEL A M (2001) No significant effects of lutein, lycopene or beta-carotene supplementation on biological markers of oxidative stress and LDL oxidisability in healthy adult subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 20(3) 232-238. 

Initial dosage in healthy adults 50 mg every day taken 1 hour 10 mg every day taken 1 hour 10 mg every day taken 1 hour... 

SL Johnson, M Mayersohn, KA Conrad. Gastrointestinal absorption as a function of age xylose absorption in healthy adult subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 38 331-335, 1985. 

M20. Melby, J. C., and Spink, W. W., Comparative studies on adrenal cortical function and cortisol metabolism in healthy adults and in patients with shock due to infection. J. Clin. Invest. 37, 1791-1798 (1958). 

The chloro group of 6 is now highly activated toward nucleophilic aromatic substitution, facilitating reaction with phenoxide. Subsequent catalytic reduction in the presence of LiOH produces amino acid 7. Next, treatment with butanol and sulfuric acid not only forms the butyl ester but monoalkylates the amino function. Saponification of the ester group leads to bumetanide (8), a diuretic agent possessing 40-fold greater activity in healthy adults than furosemide. ... 

Gustin, DM, Rodvold KA, Sosman JA et al. 2004. Single-does pharmakinetic study of lycopene delivered in a well-defined food-based lycopene delivery system (tomato pasted-oil mixture) in healthy adult male subjects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(5) 850-860. 

Moss MC, Cook J, Wesnes KA and Duckett P (2003). Aroma of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 1507-1530. 

A study of GSK1278863A (structure undisclosed) in healthy adult subjects for the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of repeat oral doses up to 300 mg for 14 days has also been completed [69]. Finally, AKB-6548 (structure undisclosed) has completed Phase la clinical trials in 48 healthy volunteers for the potential treatment of anemia. Preliminary results claim that doses that significantly increase plasma EPO without raising VEGF levels were identified and that further clinical trials are planned [70]. 

The FDA s approval process for new prescription drugs is extensive. It can take over ten years for a drug to reach the market. Before receiving FDA approval, a new drug must be studied extensively. The process begins with the discovery or development of a new substance that can be used for medicinal purposes. The potential drug is first studied in a laboratory, then in animals. It is then studied in healthy adults to see what... 

Husebye E, Skar V, Aalen OO, Osnes M Digital ambulatory manometry of the small intestine in healthy adults Estimates of the variation within and between individuals and statistical management of incomplete MMC periods. Dig Dis Sci 1990,35 1057-1065. 

Engler MB, Engler MM, Chen CY, Malloy MJ, Browne A, Chiu EY, Kwak HK, Milbury P, Paul SM, Blumberg J and Mietus-Snyder ML. 2004. Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults. J Am Coll Nutr 23 197-204. 

Data from American Pain Society. Prinaples of Analgesic Use in the Treatment of Acute Pain and Chronic Cancer Pan, 5th ed. Glenview, IL American Pain Society, 2003 Anonymous. American Hospital Formulary Service. In Mc/oyGK, ed. Drug Information. Bethesda, MD American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1987, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999,2001,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007 Anonymous. Facts and Comparisons. Philadelphia Lippincott, 1986, 1991, 1994, 1997,2000,2003,2004,2006,20Q7 and Watkins PB, Kaplowitz N, Slattery TJ, et al. Aminotransferase elevations in healthy adults receiving 4 grams of acetaminophen daily A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006 296 87-93. 

Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) Suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adults humans, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment requiring standard microbiological practices. 

Based on the Stewart et al. (1974) study, the threshold for odor detection in healthy adults is 0.2 ppm, and the threshold for eye irritation is 1.5 ppm, although one of three subjects developed eye irritation during a 2-h exposure at 0.35 ppm. 

Toxicity end point Maehlyand Swensson 1970 No adverse effect in healthy adult humans occupationally exposed at geometric mean concentration of <1 (range 0.01-3.3 ppm, personal samplers [up to 6 ppm, area samples]) or 5 ppm mild headache in adult humans occupationally exposed at 8 ppm. The exposure duration was considered to be 8 h. 

Toxoplasmosis. This disease is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which normally causes an asymptomatic infection in healthy adults. This protozoan also infects a very wide variety of animals domestic cats are one source of human infection. Unlike Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma is an intracellular parasite and can invade numerous organs of infected individuals. In AIDS patients, the... 

Newborn healthy infants vary in their total leukocyte counts from 9,000 to 30,000 per cu. mm., in neutrophils from 6,000 to 26,000, in eosinophils from 20 to 850, in basophils from 0 to 640, in lymphocytes from 2,000 to 11,000, and in monocytes from 400 to 3,100. In healthy adults the total leucocytes vary from 3,500 to 14,800, which may be distributed within the following ranges ... 

The venous blood platelet count in healthy adult males varies from 150,000 to 690,000 per cu. mm. 14... 

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