Impairment learning memory

Memory problems, confusion, speech impairment, learning impairment... 

The spectrum of cognitive deficits associated with chronic alcohol use extends to the extreme of Wernicke s encephalopathy and Korsakoff s psychosis. Wernicke s encephalopathy is an acute neurologic syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency. Symptoms include mental confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia. Many of these symptoms reverse with administration of thiamine however about 50% of patients are left with some degree of ataxia. Left untreated, Wernicke s encephalopathy can progress to stupor, coma, and death. Approximately 80% to 90% of alcoholics treated for Wernicke s encephalopathy are left with Korsakoff s psychosis, a syndrome of impaired learning and recent memory produced by lesions of the medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus. 

Learning, memory Weak effects if any Some impairment Enhanced long-term memory No effect... 

There were no differences between control and CSE treated groups in either ST or SD test, suggesting that CSE had no effect on memory restoration in normal mice. It is well-known that the oral administration of ethanol induced impairment of memory acquisition in ST and SD tests Fig. (5). The increase of errors (Q and the decrease (D) in number of learned mice were significantly ameliorated by CSE in SD test dose-dependently, but not in ST test. The improving effects were dose-dependent. 

A single oral administration of CSE ameliorated the ethanol-induced impairments of memory. The increase of errors and the decrease in number of learned mice were significantly improved. It had no effect, however, on acquisition or retrieval in normal mice, and did not improve the scopolamine-induced impairment of memory registration in mice in either ST or SD test [12] suggesting that CSE has a specific ameliorating effect on ethanol-induced memory deficiency or the toxic effects of alcohol. 

Hashimoto M., Hossain S., Agdul H., and Shido O. (2005). Docosahexaenoic acid-induced amelioration on impairment of memory learning in amyloid /i-inluscd rats relates to the decreases of amyloid fi and cholesterol levels in detergent-insoluble membrane fractions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1738 91-98. 

S100B Overexpression Female specific hyperactivity, lack of habituation to novelty, reduced T-maze spontaneous alternation rate, abnormal exploratory behavior Enhanced astrocytosis and neurite proliferation Impaired learning and memory, increased dendrite density, enhanced age-related loss of dendrites Inhibitory effect on cardiac hypertrophy Increased susceptibility to hypoxia-ischemia Increased apoptosis after myocardial infarction Enhanced neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction induced by amyloid-(3... 

CNS neurodegenerative disorders often accompany the impairment of memory and other cognitive functions. This impairment is probably due to selective neuronal death in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, brain regions that are crucially involved in learning and memory. It has recently been found that the alcohol extract of pistils of C. sativus L. (CSE) affects learning and memory in mice. Oral administration of CSE (125 to 500 mg/kg) alone had no effect on learning behavior of mice in passive avoidance tests, but significantly improved ethanol-induced impairment of memory acquisition. 

Schantz, S.L., D.M. Gasior, E. Polverejan, R.J. McCaffrey, A.M. Sweeney, H.E. Humphrey, and J.C. Gardiner. 2001. Impairments if memory and learning in older adults exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls via consumption of Great Lakes fish. Environ. Health Perspect. 

The consequences and correlates of sleep deprivation in its various forms are extensively reviewed in a number of other chapters (e.g., Chaps. 10-19), and will not be reviewed here. Briefly, there is growing evidence that sleep deprivation and sleep disruption are associated with negative mood, decreased productivity, occupational and transportation accidents, reduced quality of life, poor school attendance, impairment of performance, learning, memory, and physiological changes that theoretically increase the risk of major illnesses, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. 

Viberg, H., Fredrikson, A., Erickson, P., 2003. Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 192, 95-106. 

Considerable evidence that endocannabinoid actions in the brain impair learning and memory has also been collected. Most of the evidence comes from studies in which CB 1 antagonists improve learning or memory (Lichtman 2000 Shiflett et al. 2004 Terranova et al. 2005 Wolf and Leander 2003). These antagonists can also reverse the amnestic effects of agents such as (3-amyloid and scopolamine (Mazzola et al. 2003 Takahashi et al. 2005). Thus, it appears that activation of CB1 receptors, presumably following release of brain endocannabinoids, has actions that counteract mechanisms involved in learning and memory. 

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