Spontaneous behaviour

Viberg, H., Fredrikson, A., Erickson, P., 2003. Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 192, 95-106. 

When destinations are supported or recommended by well known celebrities and their spontaneous behaviour the source of information is referred to by Gartner as Covert Induced I. 

Ougazzal A-M, Grottick AJ, Moreau J-L, Higgins GA. Effect of LSD on pre-pulse inhibition and spontaneous behaviour in the rat a pharmacological analysis and comparison between two rat strains. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001 25 565-575. 

All these reactions have depended for their selectivity on the spontaneous behaviour of the molecules. It is time now to look at some reactions that cannot be controlled in that way—reactions where we must impose our will on the molecules by using specific enol equivalents. 

Clifford J, Tinghe O, Croke DT, Drago J, Sibley DR, Waddington JL (1997) Phenotype of spontaneous behaviour in transgenic mice with D1A dopamine receptor knockout . Br J Pharmacol 720 134P. 

Campbell SJ, Deacon RMJ, Jiang Y, Ferrari C, Pitossi FJ, Anthony DC (2007) Overexpression of IL-ip by adenovrral-mediated gene transfer in the rat brain cause a prolonged hepatic chemokine response, axonal iniury and the suppression of spontaneous behaviour. Neurobiol Dis 27 151-163... 

Sensory systems neuroscience. Academic, San Diego, pp 1-43 Zippel HP, Voigt R, Knaust M, Luan Y (1993) Spontaneous behaviour, training and discrimination training in goldfish using chemosensory stimuli. J Comp Physiol A 172 81-90 Zou Z, Buck LB (2006) Combinatorial effects of odorant mixes in olfactory cortex. Science 311 1477-1481... 

Eriksson P, Lundkvist U, Fredricksson A. 1991. Neonatal exposure to 3,3, 4,4 -tetrachlorobiphenyl changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the adult mouse. Toxicology 69 27-34. 

Johansson N, Viberg H, Fredriksson A et al (2008) Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice. Neuro Toxicology 29 911-919 Johnson PI, Stapleton HM, Mukherjee B et al (2013) Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men. Sci Total Environ 445 46 177-184 Johnson PI, Stapleton HM, Sjodin A et al (2010) Relationships between polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in house dust and serum. Environ Sci Technol 44 5627-5632 Johnson-Restrepo B, Adams DH, Kannan K (2008) Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexa-bromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the United States. Chemosphere 70 1935-1944... 

The fluctuation dissipation theorem relates the dissipative part of the response fiinction (x") to the correlation of fluctuations (A, for any system in themial equilibrium. The left-hand side describes the dissipative behaviour of a many-body system all or part of the work done by the external forces is irreversibly distributed mto the infinitely many degrees of freedom of the themial system. The correlation fiinction on the right-hand side describes the maimer m which a fluctuation arising spontaneously in a system in themial equilibrium, even in the absence of external forces, may dissipate in time. In the classical limit, the fluctuation dissipation theorem becomes / /., w) = w). 

Airborne partieulate matter may eomprise liquid (aerosols, mists or fogs) or solids (dust, fumes). Refer to Figure 5.2. Some eauses of dust and aerosol formation are listed in Table 4.3. In either ease dispersion, by spraying or fragmentation, will result in a eonsiderable inerease in the surfaee area of the ehemieal. This inereases the reaetivity, e.g. to render some ehemieals pyrophorie, explosive or prone to spontaneous eombustion it also inereases the ease of entry into the body. The behaviour of an airborne partiele depends upon its size (e.g. equivalent diameter), shape and density. The effeet of partiele diameter on terminal settling veloeity is shown in Table 4.4. As a result ... 

Boranes are extremely reactive compounds and several are spontaneously flammable in air. Arac/tno-boranes tend to be more reactive (and less stable to thermal decomposition) than niiio-boranes and reactivity also diminishes with increasing mol wt. C/oio-borane anions are exceptionally stable and their general chemical behaviour has suggested the term three-dimensional aromaticity . 

The corrosion behaviour of amorphous alloys has received particular attention since the extraordinarily high corrosion resistance of amorphous iron-chromium-metalloid alloys was reported. The majority of amorphous ferrous alloys contain large amounts of metalloids. The corrosion rate of amorphous iron-metalloid alloys decreases with the addition of most second metallic elements such as titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum . The addition of chromium is particularly effective. For instance amorphous Fe-8Cr-13P-7C alloy passivates spontaneously even in 2 N HCl at ambient temperature ". (The number denoting the concentration of an alloy element in the amorphous alloy formulae is the atomic percent unless otherwise stated.)... 

The extent to which anode polarization affects the catalytic properties of the Ni surface for the methane-steam reforming reaction via NEMCA is of considerable practical interest. In a recent investigation62 a 70 wt% Ni-YSZ cermet was used at temperatures 800° to 900°C with low steam to methane ratios, i.e., 0.2 to 0.35. At 900°C the anode characteristics were i<>=0.2 mA/cm2, Oa=2 and ac=1.5. Under these conditions spontaneously generated currents were of the order of 60 mA/cm2 and catalyst overpotentials were as high as 250 mV. It was found that the rate of CH4 consumption due to the reforming reaction increases with increasing catalyst potential, i.e., the reaction exhibits overall electrophobic NEMCA behaviour with a 0.13. Measured A and p values were of the order of 12 and 2 respectively.62 These results show that NEMCA can play an important role in anode performance even when the anode-solid electrolyte interface is non-polarizable (high Io values) as is the case in fuel cell applications. 

The question arises as to how useful atomistic models may be in predicting the phase behaviour of real liquid crystal molecules. There is some evidence that atomistic models may be quite promising in this respect. For instance, in constant pressure simulations of CCH5 [25, 26] stable nematic and isotropic phases are seen at the right temperatures, even though the simulations of up to 700 ps are too short to observe spontaneous formation of the nematic phase from the isotropic liquid. However, at the present time one must conclude that atomistic models can only be expected to provide qualitative data about individual systems rather than quantitative predictions of phase transition temperatures. Such predictions must await simulations on larger systems, where the system size dependency has been eliminated, and where constant... 

All such animal procedures suffer from the obvious and basic problem that laboratory animals do not behave like humans and that humans cannot reliably interpret their reactions and behaviour. Thus we know that Parkinson s disease is caused by a degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract but its lesion in animals does not produce any condition which resembles human Parkinsonism, except in primates, even though there are functional tests (e.g. rotational movements) which readily establish that loss of dopamine function and also respond to its augmentation (Chapter 15). By contrast, there are many ways, e.g. electrical stimulation and the administration of certain chemicals, to induce convulsions in animals and a number of effective antiepileptic drugs have been introduced as a result of their ability to control such activity. Indeed there are some tests, as well as animals with varied spontaneous seizures, that are even predictive of particular forms of epilepsy. But then convulsions are a very basic form of activity common to most species and epileptic seizures that are characterised by behavioural rather than motor symptoms are more difficult to reproduce in animals. 

Various animals show spontaneous epilepsy or seizures that can be readily induced by sensory stimulation (see Jobe et al. 1991). Tottering mice display seizures that resemble absence attacks behaviourally, in their EEG pattern and response to drugs. DBA/2 mice show reflex seizures to audiogenic stimuli while photically-induced seizures can be obtained in the Senegalese baboon, Papiopapio, which are similar to generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy. 

The situation does not improve with mixtures with the hydrides of the elements. Thus, a detonation occurred during contact between water and chlorine due to an accidental spark. Phosphine, silane and diborane all combust spontaneously in chlorine (their behaviour is the same in oxygen). With hydrogenated nitrogenous compounds ammonia, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, ammonium salts (especially ammonium chloride), and also sulphamic acid (these last two in an acid medium) there is ignition or even detonation. 

Divanadium trioxide combusts spontaneously in air. For some authors this behaviour is observed at ambient temperature, for others, heating is necessary. 

Iron (II) oxide and especially that made by reducing the other oxides, combusts spontaneously if it is heated to 200°C. It also strongly catalyses the combustion of carbon in air. This behaviour can explain the spontaneous inflammable property of the products of burning iron oxalate, which contain this oxide and carbon. When they are placed on the hand and thrown into the air, they form very spectacular showers of sparks. It combusts in contact with liquid oxygen in the presence of carbon. 

Finely powdered cobalt can detonate spontaneously in air. Its behaviour depends on its surface texture. Raney cobalt is much more dangerous than Raney nickel, which is more commonly used (see nickel). 

Here is a list of all dangerous reactions that are related to nitrile functional group behaviour. By active polymerisation is meant the polymerisation that affects the carbon-nitrogen triple bond. Polymerisations that are related to an ethylene double bond will be dealt with on p.336. So far as stability is concerned, it is difficult to say whether certain spontaneous reactions of certain nitriles are... 

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