Learning and memory impairment

Yamada, K, Tanaka, T, Mamiya, T, Shiotani, T, Kameyama, T and Nabeshima, T (1999) Improvement by nefiracetam of /i-amyloid—(1-42)—induced learning and memory impairments in rats. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 126 235-244. 

In a passive avoidance procedure in the rat, low doses of ondansetron reversed the scopolamine-induced memory deficit, whereas tropisetron was ineffective. However, in the Morris water-maze test, tropisetron but not ondansetron counteracted the learning and memory impairment caused by scopolamine [Pitsikas and Borsini 1997]. 

The development of natural products having alleviation properties for the symptoms of learning and memory impairments has been clinically expected. In the brain, the hippocampus is a very important region in the learning and memory processes, and the long-term potentiation (LTP) induced from the brain tissue is closely related to learning and memory [10]. 

Sullivan, J.M Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory impairments produced by cannabinoids, Learn. Mem. 2000, 7, 132-139. 

Straiker A, Mackie K (2005) Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in murine autaptic hippocampal neurones. J Physiol 569(Pt 2) 501—17 Sullivan JM (2000) Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory impairments produced by cannabinoids. Learn Mem 7(3) 132-9 Sugiura T, Kondo S, Sukagawa A, Nakane S, Shinoda A, Itoh K, Yamashita A, Waku K (1995) 2-Arachidonoylglycerol a possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 215(1) 89—97... 

Tropizetron Counteracted the learning and memory impairments resulting from scopolamine treatment 52... 

Xylene Learning and memory impairments Motor dysfunction... 

Bilobalide. Bilobalide (BB) is one of the major active compounds extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves. BB protects against learning and memory impairments induced by AP25-35, attenuates the neuronal damage and apoptosis in frontal cortex and hippocampus, and inhibits TNF-a and A(f w expression [266],... 

Fasudil is a Rho kinase inhibitor and has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. Administration of fasudil ameliorates spatial learning and memory impairment, attenuates neuronal loss, and neuronal injury induced by Ap 2, and inhibits IL-ip and TNF-a production and NF-kB activation in the rat brain [509-511],... 

Lu P, Mamiya T, Lu L, Mouri A, Ikejima T, Kim HC et al (2012) Xanthoceraside attenuates amyloid (3 peptide(25-35)-induced learning and memory impairments in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 219 181-190... 

Fiorini A, Sultana R, Forster S, Perluigi M, Cenini G, Cini C et al (2013) Antisense directed against PS-1 gene decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8) and reverses learning and memory impairment A proteomics study. Free Radic Biol Med 65 1-14... 

Mishima K, Egashira N, Hirosawa N, et al (2001) Characteristics of learning and memory impairment induced by A 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 87 297-308... 

Inhibition of learning and memory impairment Butylidenephthalide (20), Butylphthalide (30), 3/ -Butylphthalide (31), 35-ButyIphthalide (32)... 

A single intraperitoneal administration of butylphthalide (30) (50-100 mg/kg) prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep time in male Albino mice [287]. A similar effect was also observed after inhalation of 30 at 0.5-lmg/3L air/min [288-290]. Furthermore, in a rat chronic seizure model induced by coriaria lactone [291-295], significant damage was found in the cerebral neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells in control animals after seizure induction, but not in rats orally pretreated with 700 mg/kg of phthalide 30. In addition, compound 30 appeared to antagonize learning and memory impairment in the same animal model. 

The xanthine derivative, propentofyllin, up-regulates NGF synthesis 10-fold in cultured astrocytes (Shinoda et al., 1990). This was of particular interest, as the drug reverses learning and memory impairment in aged rats (Goto et al., 1987) and protects against delayed, ischaemically induced neuronal death in the hippocampus. Shinoda and co-workers (Shinoda et al., 1990) therefore speculated that the beneficial effects of propentofyllin, in part, could be due to an induction of NGF synthesis in astrocytes. 

Nishiyama N, Moriguchi T, Saito H. Beneficial effects of aged garlic extract on learning and memory impairment in the senescence accelerated mouse. Exp Gerontol 1997 32 149-160. 

This type of lesion has also been studied in primates. The conclusions are similar performance usually recovers to the control level, the compounds which are effective in the model do not predict a beneficial action in man, and memory deficits do not correlate with the degree of cholinergic cell loss. Thus, monkeys with basal forebrain lesions may be more useful as models of the attentional deficits associated with Alzheimer s disease than as models of learning and memory impairment [34]. 

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