Spontaneous alternation

Parent M, Laurey P, Wilkniss S, Gold P. 1997. Intraseptal infusions of muscimol impair spontaneous alternation performance Infusions of glucose into the hippocampus, but not the medial septum, reverse the deficit. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 68(1) 75-85. 

Ragozzino ME, Pal SN, Unick K, Stefani MR, Gold PE. 1998. Modulation of hippocampal acetylcholine release and spontaneous alternation scores by intrahippocampal glucose injections. The Journal of Neuroscience 18(4) 1595-1601. 

Stefani MR, Gold PE. 2001. Intrahippocampal infusions of K-ATP channel modulators influence spontaneous alternation performance Relationship to acetylcholine release in the hippocapus. The Journal of Neuroscience 21(2) 609-614. 

Some pairs of very strongly electron-donor and electron-acceptor monomers, such as p-methoxystyrene and dimethyl cyanofumarate, undergo spontaneous alternating copolymerizations without any added free-radical initiator, although heat may be required [Hall and Padias, 1997, 2001]. Initiation involves reaction of the comonomer pair to form a diradical,... 

S100B Overexpression Female specific hyperactivity, lack of habituation to novelty, reduced T-maze spontaneous alternation rate, abnormal exploratory behavior Enhanced astrocytosis and neurite proliferation Impaired learning and memory, increased dendrite density, enhanced age-related loss of dendrites Inhibitory effect on cardiac hypertrophy Increased susceptibility to hypoxia-ischemia Increased apoptosis after myocardial infarction Enhanced neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction induced by amyloid-(3... 

Barbiturates have been shown to affect spontaneous alternation and radial maze performance in mice (ref. 150). Rats treated prenatally with aluminum showed a deficit in radial maze acquisition (ref. 151). Neonatal clonidine treatment delayed choice of a water rewarded arm in a T-maze by water deprived rats which had been pretrained in this maze vith food reward (ref. 33). 

Reversed spontaneous alternation deficits induced by scopolamine in the mouse. 113... 

Lelong V, Lhonneur L, Dauphin F, Boulouard M. BIMU 1 and RS 67333, two 5-HT4 receptor agonists, modulate spontaneous alternation deficits induced by scopolamine in the mouse. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003 367 621-628. 

TCNQ86). The rate of spontaneous alternating copolymerization between TCNQ and MMA is about one thousandth as slow as that between TCNQF4 and MMA 86), Moreover, the slow rate of the copolymerization obeys first-order kinetics with respect to TCNQ monomer concentration86... 

Pharmacological manipulation of DA, within mesostriatal, as well as mesofrontal domains, has profound effects on performance in spatial working memory tasks in both rodents and monkeys. Early work (reviewed by LeMoal and Simon, 1991) demonstrated that 6-OHDA-induced lesions of the meso-accumbens or meso-striatal, as well as the meso-cortical DA projections led to impaired delayed alternation performance in rats. However, there is a question of whether the capacity to hold on-line the location of the previous goal or choice response has been impaired or whether other behavioral capacities, such as the inhibition that is normally required for the spontaneous alternation of choices is disrupted, leading to perseverative responding. 

After injection of 1.85 g sample to the cerebral ventricle on each of three consecutive days, passive avoidance testing on days 1 and 2 and Y-maze testing on days 3 and 4 were conducted. Learning and memory-retention ability of the mice were performed according to the method of Song (1), while spontaneous alternation behavior of mice in a Y-maze test was performed according to the method of Yamada (2). 

To date Saegusa seems to have forsaken detailed mechanistic studies on any system to demonstrate the synthetic utility of his so called spontaneous alternating copolymerizations . 

The nature of spontaneous alternating copolymerizations makes it impossible to distinguish an initiator and monomer and reaction occurs at both chain ends. 

SIB-1553A has been evaluated for potential cognitive-enhancement effects in an animal model. When tested in a sequential spontaneous alternation task, this compound was found to reverse the working memory deficits... 

The last reaction Is another example of a spontaneous "alternating copolymerization between an electrophilic and a nucleophilic monomer as described by Saegusa ( ). The structure of the resulting polymer Is determined by the rate constants of the different reactions and by the concentration of the two monomers This reaction has been Investigated with the monomer pair PL-TBA, different solvents at 50 C. 

Gonzalez-Burgos, I., Olvera-Cortes, E., del Angel-Meza, A. R., and Feria-Velasco, A., Serotonin involvement in the spontaneous alternation ability A behavioral study on tryptopha-restricted rats, Neurosci. Lett., 190, 143, 1995. 

The spontaneous alternation behaviour shown by rats during successive trials in a T-maze is dependent on the intertrial interval. Lengthening the intertrial interval beyond 1 h is attended by a decrease in the percentage of animals alternating. 

Dember, W. N. and Fowler, H. (1958) Spontaneous alternation behavior. Psychol. Bull., 55,412-428. 

Douglas, R. J. (1966) Cues for spontaneous alternation. J. comp, physiol. Psychol., 62, 171-183. 

Douglas, R. J. and Isaacson, R. L. (1965) Homogeneity of single trial response tendencies and spontaneous alternation in the T-maze. Psychol. Rep., 16, 87-92. 

Grandjean, E. and Battig, K. (1962) Die Wirkung verschiedener Psychopharmaka auf die spontane Alternation der Ratte. Helv. physiol, pharmacol. Acta, 20,373-381. 

Meyers, B. and Domino, E. F. (1964) The effect of cholinergic blocking drugs on spontaneous alternation in rats. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn., 150, 525-529. 

Douglas, R. J. (1966) Cues for spontaneous alternation. J. comp, physiol. Psychol., 62, 171-183. Glanzer, M. (1953) The role of stimulus satiation in spontaneous alternation. J. exp. Psychol., 45, 387-393. 

Table 15.6. Examples of zwitterionic, spontaneous, alternating copolymerization... 

Yagle and Costa (1996) treated rats with 1 mg/day DFP and 2 mg/day disulfoton for 14 days. In both cases, AChE inhibition was 71-77%. QNB binding in cortex, striatum, and hippocampus was reduced 16-28%, but there was no change in ligand affinities. These animals showed a reduction in performance when tested on a spontaneous alternation task in a T-maze. The authors linked the reduction in performance to the decrease in mAChR,s. 

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