Immuno deficiency

Immuno-deficiency, technical deficiency Immuno-status, factors of microbial virulence... 

Inspite of all the qualified successes of synthetic drug research achieved in the last four decades to combat infectious diseases of the more than 80,000 different ailments, unfortunately only about one third can be treated with drugs, most of them only symptomatically. The discovery of better, effective and safer drugs is needed to fight the causes of dreadful diseases like cancer, acquired-immuno-deficiency-syndrome (AIDS), arthritis, cardio-vascular diseases, disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer s disease and other vital infectious and metabolic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. 

Tan, G. T., Pezzuto, J. M., Kinghorn, A. D. and Hughes, S. H. 1991. Evaluation of natural products as inhibitors of human immuno deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase. Journal of Natural Products, 54 143-154. 

As is implied by its name, the first TNF-a-dependent mechanism described was the induction of tumor necrosis in vivo through its role in tumor vasculature. However the mechanisms of the in vitro toxicity of TNF-a to tumor cells imply apoptosis rather than necrosis [97], Tumor necrosis in SCID (severe combined immuno-deficiency) mice treated with LPS does not lead to the rejection of tumors [98], Furthermore, necrosis and tumor regression must be dissociated since anti-IFN-y antibodies inhibit LPS-induced regression of Meth A sarcoma in mice, but not the necrotic hemorrhage attributed to TNF-a. It is now accepted that the antitumoral effect of TNF-a is indirect and dependent on acquired immune response. Matsumoto et al. [99] reported that, while TNF-a itself has no effect on hepatoma KDH-8 tumor cells in vitro, the antitumoral effect of the lipid A ONO-4007 against KDH-8 tumors in vivo is inhibited by anti-TNF-a antibodies in WKAH rat, showing an indirect effect of TNF-a. 

Both avarol and avarone inhibit replication of the ethiological agent of acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) [77], Additionally, avarol and avarone effectively control acute inflammation in experimental models after either oral or topical administration. Their anti-inflammatory activity may result from inhibition of eicosanoid release and depression of superoxide generation in leukocytes [78], Several studies reviewed the structures and bioactivity of compounds related to avarone as an antihuman immuno-deficiency virus (HIV), antitopoisomerase II activity and as proteinkinase C (PKC) inhibitors [3, 79],... 

Tuerk, C., Macdougal, S. and Gold, L. (1992) RNA pseudoknots that inhibit human immuno-deficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 6988-6992. 

Its mode of action seems to be along these lines. When the thin skin layers and mucus of the mouth, anus or vagina are damaged then, as in all cell damage, there is a large influx of white cells to combat any possible invaders. It is precisely this gathering of white cells, normally effective for killing off viruses or bacteria, that HIV (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus) attacks and takes over. 

Heterogeneous HIV Homogeneous Two materials not in the same physical state. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. Two or more substances in the same state, e.g. gin and tonic or whiskey and soda ... 

Human immuno-deficiency Bovine viral diarrhea Pseudorahies virus... 

AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) poses a threat to India as a large number of people are infected with HTV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). There are no drugs today for AIDS. The problem which has dogged anti- HIV drugs is that resistant mutant forms of virus are formed within mere weeks. Lot of research work is to be done in search of a vaccine against HIV. 

An important immune function to evaluate in the context of immuno-deficiency, and one that represents a form of nonspecific immunity/host resistance, is the function of natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are lymphocytes distinct from either B-cells or T-cells, which contribute to immunocompetence by mediating major histocompatibility complex-independent cytotoxicity (Lotzova 1993). For the purposes of these studies, a combined measurement of both basal and augmented NK cell function was used. In this assay, murine splenoc5des were exposed for 24 hours to various concentrations of drugs in the presence or absence of an optimum concentration of recombinant IL-2 (Thomas et al. 1993). The cells were then washed and cocultured for 4 hours with radiolabeled YAC-1 tumor cells (a murine NK-sensitive cell line). Tumor cell lysis was quantitated as described above for the CTL procedure. 

Many primary immunodeficiency syndromes in which genetic defects are known or suggested are associated with a variety of autoimmune manifestations. A selection of immunodeficiencies together with their associated autoimmune manifestations is shown in Table 2. Immune dysregulation, persistent antigen stimulation, recurrent tissue damage, and defective clearance of immune complexes are pathogenetic factors that may lead to autoimmunity in immuno-deficient individuals (Etzioni, 2003). 

Age-related macular degeneration 1280 Agrohacterium tumefaciens 903, 950 AIDS (acquired immuno deficiency syndrome) 14... 

Sattler FR, Cowan R, Nielsen DM, Ruskin J. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. A prospective, noncrossover study. Ann Intern Med 1988 109 280-287. 

Figure 16.2 shows the results of comparisons of sequences of the aspartic proteinase family of enzymes. It includes pepsins from eukaryotic sources and pro-teinases from retroviruses like human immuno-deficiency virus, HIV. The retroviral proteinases consist of two identical subunits, whereas the pepsins have a single chain with two similar halves, the amino-terminal and the carboxyl-terminal domains, whose structures resemble each other and the subunits of the retroviral proteinases. The sequences of the two domains of the pepsins and the subunits of retroviral proteinases were aligned using COMPARER. Only three residues are identical in all the... 

We demonstrated that oral administration of CVE caused the retention of the capacity of MAIDS mice to eliminate L.monocytogenes in association with an improvement of the defective immune response to L. monocytogenes. CVE is somewhat effective in the treatment of opportunistic Listeria infections in immuno-deficient mice. 

Su L, Lee R, Bonyhadi M, et al. (1997). Hematopoietic stem-cell based gene therapy for acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome Efficient transduction and expression of RevMlO in myeloid cells in vivo and in vitro. Blood. 89 2283-2290. 

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