Measurement combined

By cooling a certain surface so cold that water starts condensing on it and measuring that temperature, the dewpoint can be measured. Combining this with the measurement of the dry bulb temperature, the state of air can be defined. 

Optically active molecules show circular dichroism. Their extinction coefficients f l and are different and change as a function of wavelength. Using a suitable spectroelectrochemical cell, Af = fl -which is usually small compared to conventional extinction coefficients, can be measured. Combined with the special properties of a thin layer cell kinetic data can be extracted from CD-data [01 Liu]. (Data obtained with this method are labelled CD.)... 

Figure 7.2.5 provides a visualization of a localized extinction event in a turbulent jet flame, using a temporal sequence of OH planar LIF measurements. The OH-LIF measurements, combined with particle image velocimetry (PIV) reveal that a distinct vortex within the turbulent flow distorts and consequently breaks the OH front. These localized extinction events occur intermittently as the strength of the coupling between the turbulent flow and the flame chemistry fluctuates. The characteristics of the turbulent flame can be significantly altered as the frequency of these events increases. 

Chemisorption measurements, combined with oxygen uptake, TPR, and pulsed CO-O2 experiments were employed to determine the source of large differences in dynamometer sweep performance of a series of Pt/Rh, Pd/Rh and Pd-only TWCs after dynamometer aging. The following observations have been made ... 

Rate of heat calorimeters can be used to measure a number of the most important fire hazard parameters, including the peak rate of heat release, the total heat release, the time to ignition and smoke factor (a smoke hazard measure combining the total smoke released and the peak RHR [14, 18-20]). The smoke factor will give an... 

Smoke has usually been measured in the NBS smoke chamber. Such results cannot be correlated with full scale fire results and do not predict fire hazard. Rate of heat release (RHR) calorimeters (e.g. NBS Cone (Cone) and Ohio State University (OSU)) can be used to determine the best properties associated with fire hazard, as well as smoke. Results from the Cone RHR correlate with full-scale fire results. The best way to determine the fire hazard associated with smoke, for materials which do not burn up completely in a fire, is by using RHR to measure combined smoke and heat release variables, such as smoke parameter or smoke factor. 

It is of greater interest to this work, however, that the Cone calorimeter can also be used to measure combined... 

The key to any reaction experiment is moles. The numbers of moles may be calculated from various measurements. A sample may be weighed on a balance to give the mass, and the moles calculated with the formula weight. Or the mass of a substance may be determined using a volume measurement combined with the density. The volume of a solution may be measured with a pipet, or calculated from the final and initial readings from a buret. This volume, along with the molarity, can be used to calculate the moles present. The volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas can be measured and used to calculate the moles of a gas. You must be extremely careful on the AP exam to distinguish between those values that you measure and those that you calculate. 

Here m is the molality of cation c with charge z and correspondingly for anion a. Sums over c or a cover all cations or anions, respectively. B s and 0 s are measurable combinations of A s whereas C s and 0 s are combinations of the u s in Equation (3). Note that the 0 s and 0 s are zero and these terms disappear for pure electrolytes. 

The five room-temperature and two liquid-nitrogen temperature data sets obtained in these experiments were reanalyzed by Cummings and Hart (1988). Where necessary, they introduced improved corrections for residual strain, resonance, and nuclear scattering to arrive at a set of mean structure-factor values with typical errors of 3-5 millielectrons. This is extremely good, but as noted, for some reflections the errors are significantly larger than the 0.1% claimed earlier. Additional accurate values for individual reflections are available for y-ray (Alkire et al. 1982), X-ray (Roberto and Batterman 1970, Trucano and Batterman 1972), and synchrotron X-ray (Tischler 1983, Tischler and Batterman 1984), measurements. Combined, these measurements provide a superbly accurate set for analysis of the charge density in silicon. 

Of notable importance here is the fact that although there are nine possible stable isomers of Cg2, NMR measurements combined with theoretical calculations have shown that only one isomer with... 

The incremental reactivity of a VOC is the product of two fundamental factors, its kinetic reactivity and its mechanistic reactivity. The former reflects its rate of reaction, particularly with the OH radical, which, as we have seen, with some important exceptions (ozonolysis and photolysis of certain VOCs) initiates most atmospheric oxidations. Table 16.8, for example, also shows the rate constants for reaction of CO and the individual VOC with OH at 298 K. For many compounds, e.g., propene vs ethane, the faster the initial attack of OH on the VOC, the greater the IR. However, the second factor, reflecting the oxidation mechanism, can be determining in some cases as, for example, discussed earlier for benzaldehyde. For a detailed discussion of the factors affecting kinetic and mechanistic reactivities, based on environmental chamber measurements combined with modeling, see Carter et al. (1995) and Carter (1995). 

Interferometric measurements combined with equilibrium dialysis show that many monomers are selectively associated with polymers present in three-component solutions. For instance, for methacrylic acid in DMF in the presence of poly(2-vinylpyridine), it was found that q = 0.4. 

The Sheehan Disability Scale (Sheehan et al., 1996) measures subjects evaluation of the extent to which their symptoms have disrupted work, social and/or home life. Each item is rated on an 11-point semi-analog continuum. This scale is utilized as a secondary outcome measure, combined with other more disease- or symptom-specific scales. 

The possible outcomes of measurements—combinations of scattering matrix elements—listed in Table 13.1 follow from multiplication of three matrices those representing the polarizer, the scattering medium, and the analyzer. If U is an element in the optical train, then the measured irradiance depends on only two matrix elements. In general, however, there are four elements in a combination, so that four measurements are required to obtain one matrix element. 

This local adsorption geometry for formate on Cu(100) and Cu(110), with the molecular plane perpendicular to the surface and bonding through the two carboxylate atoms in near-atop sites, is also seen in other simple carboxylate species adsorbed on Cu(110), notably acetate (CH3COO—) [103] and benzoate (CgFIjCOO—) [104] formed, respectively, by exposure to acetic acid and benzoic acid. Relatively recent X-ray spectroscopy measurements combined with theoretical calculations provide further information on the bonding of formate and acetate on Cu(110) [105]. 

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have varied naturally throughout Earth s history. Present C02 concentrations, however, are now higher than any seen in at least the past 450,000 years. Recent direct measurements combined with sampling of air trapped in polar ice cores shows that the recent rise in CO, correlates well with industrialization, which began in the early 1800s, as revealed in the following graph ... 

Platinum films [27,88], microwires [19,84] and microdisks [12,103] were also employed. Characterisation of electrode fouling and surface regeneration for platinum electrode on an electrophoresis microchip was reported [104], The platinum tip of a scanning electron microscope has also been used for carrying out EC measurements combined in an end-configuration to a CE microchip [76]. 

When the data in Fig. 3.2 are fit to Eq. (3.10), the results yield A = 0 and f (y) = sin 3 y/ for I (11, ) [67, 68]. Using p-polarized input and output, the data fits to A/B = 1 and f y/) = cos 3 // for I (11, 11). With appropriate choices of the input and output polarizations and separate SH phase measurements, combinations of the four independent surface susceptibility elements and the bulk susceptibilities y and C contributing to A and B for this system were also determined. There is inherent difficulty in separating the bulk surface susceptibilities such that the bulk susceptibility y is always measured in a linear combination with a surface susceptibility element for any experimental geometry [82-84]. 

Sahagian DL (2005) Paleoelevation measurement Combining proxies and approaches. EOS Trans AGU 86(48) 500... 

Using a 10 ml graduated cylinder for measuring, combine 2 ml linseed oil and 4 ml turpentine in a 250 ml beaker and stir. 

The physical properties of these polymeric dendrimers have been studied to some extent. Intrinsic viscosity measurements combined with MW afford values of according to Eq. (5). Alternatively, the translational diffusion coefficient leads to Rh according to Eq. (6). These equations may well be applicable, since it is observed that Rn and Rh scale with the 1/3 power of MW in support of the equal density hard-sphere assumption [88]. 

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