Temperature immune response

Live vaccines are normally weakened strains that do not cause diseases in the host, but stiU can stimulate the immune response. A typical example is the poho vaccine. The weakening of microorganisms or attenuation of the vims or bacteria can be accompHshed by passage through different substrates and/or at different temperatures. Modem genetic engineering techniques can also be used to attenuate a vims or bacterium. 

Any material proposed for implantation, whether for cell transplantation or some other application, must be biocompatible i.e. it must not provoke an adverse response from the host s immune system. If this goal is not met the implant may be rejected. To this end it is important that the material be easily sterilized either by exposure to high temperatures, ethylene oxide vapor, or gamma radiation. A suitable material must therefore remain unaffected by one of these three techniques. However, biocompatibility is not simply a question of sterility. The chemistry, structure, and physical form of a material are all important factors which determine its biocompatibility. Although our understanding of the human immune system is advancing rapidly, it is not yet possible to predict the immune response to a new material. This can only be determined by in vivo experiments. 

The chemistry of the effect of formaldehyde in the tanning process probably is related closely to its action in the production of toxoids (6). This procedure was developed in the first part of this century mainly by trial and error and still thrives today. Toxins are treated with formaldehyde for several weeks at temperatures close to 40°C. This results in the toxin being changed in such a manner that it retains its capacity to elicit an immune response when injected into an animal or person but it lacks the capacity for the specific and damaging attack that is associated with the native toxin. Imprecise as this procedure seems today, the satisfactory results obtained through strict quality control have resulted in its continuing use and the production of many millions of doses of life-saving vaccines. However, more specific modifications should be available for such purposes from current research. 

NIOSH REL (Diisocyanates) TWA 0.005 ppm CL 0.02 ppm/lOM DOT CLASSIFICATION 6.1 Label KEEP AWAY FROM FOOD DOT Class 6.1 Label Poison DOT Class 6.1 Label Poison, Flammable Liquid DOT Class 3 Label Flammable Liquid, Poison SAFETY PROFILE Poison by inhalation. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects by inhalation increased immune response and body temperature. A skin and eye irritant. An allergic sensitizer. Questionable carcinogen. Mutation data reported. A flammable liquid. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx and SOx. See also CYANATES. 

The biological activity of polycarboxylates, polynucleotides and small molecular weight interferon inducers (e.g tilorone) is not restricted to interferon production. In vivo, they exert many other effects on host defense mechanisms, including an increase of the body temperature (pyrogenicity), a stimulation of humoral and cellular immune responses (immuno-adjuvant effect), and an enhancement of the reticulo-endothelial cell activity (phagocytosis) (Fig. 8). 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS respiratory distress asthma respiratory impairments probable cancer causing agent in humans increased immune response and body temperature may alter genetic material allergic sensitizer. 

Many factors can affect the quantity and quality of an immune response, most of which have been mentioned previously. Other factors that affect the immune response are stress, pregnancy, surgery, concomitant infections, extremes of temperature, and especially malnutrition. All these factors reduce the quantity and quality of the immune response, and when the immunoassayist performs seroepidemiological surveys to assess the herd immunity among various populations, these factors must be taken into account prior to determining levels of adequate protection within a population. 

Metal fume fever has been observed in humans who inhaled high concentrations of zinc oxide fumes. Metal fume fever is believed to be an immune response characterized by increased body temperature, impaired lung function, increased number of leukocytes in the blood, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Similar effects were observed in animals. Metal fume fever has been observed after acute, intermediate, and chronic inhalation exposures to zinc oxide. 

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