Cell cooperation

In an immune response, antibodies are produced and secreted by the B-lymphocytes in conjunction with the T, cells. In the majority of hapten-carrier systems, the B cells end up producing antibodies that are specific for both the hapten and the carrier. In these cases, the T lymphocytes will have specific-binding domains on the carrier, but will not recognize the hapten alone. In a kind of synergism, the B- and T-cells cooperate to induce a hapten-specific antibody response. After such an immune response has taken place, if the host is subsequently challenged with only the hapten, usually it will respond by producing hapten-specific antibodies from memory cells formed after the initial immunization. For a review of immunobiology (see Janeway, 2004). 

The author is associated with Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation (AFCC). AFCC is owned by Daimler, Ford, and Ballard Power Systems. The company was established in February, 2008 and is mainly based on the automotive fuel cell division of the previous Ballard Power Systems. 

Caspase-3 Rabbit IgG 1 50 Apoptotic cells (Cooper-Kuhn and Kuhn 2002) Cell Signaling... 

The development of the immune system as it relates to comparative developmental toxicology has been considered in several publications over the last decade (Barnett, 1996 Dietert et al., 2000 Holladay Smialowicz, 2000 Chapin, 2002 Holladay Blaylock, 2002 Holsapple, 2002 Holsapple et al., 2003 Luster et al., 2003 Luebke et al., 2004). Immune development is a dynamic process involving cellular proliferation, migration, recognition, selection, apoptosis, clonal expansion, dissemination to peripheral sites, and, finally, cell cooperation and function. Because many of the changes... 

Role of NKG2D in tumor cell lysis mediated by human NK cells Cooperation with natural cytotoxicity receptors and capability of recognizing tumors of nonepithelial origin. Eur. J. Immunol. 31(4), 1076-1086. 

The process of myelination represents one of the clearest examples of cell-cell cooperation. Neither axons nor myelin-forming cells can functionally differentiate to completion without each other (Trapp et al., 2004), although oligodendrocytes produce significant amounts of myelin-like membrane in neuron-free culture. 

IL-1 plays an important role in the activation of T lymphocytes (B5, R9, W15). It stimulates the production of IL-2 and expression of the IL-2 receptor in antigen-activated cells (E8, F5, V9). IL-1 also has important activities on B cells, cooperating with other cytokines in the stimulation of immunoglobulin synthesis (F6, H26, K32). IL-1 may also play a role in maintaining B tolerance (D27). 

Cell-Cell Cooperativity Behavior Exhibited During Initial Attachment at Low Cell Density. We have also studied the dependence of Af and AR upon EC number added to the gold QCM surface. We observed a difference in the early (1 h) vs steady state (24 h) response of the parameters to varying cell number in the QCM [50]. At 1 h, both Af and AR exhibited sigmoid curve shaped dependencies upon EC number, while at 24 h there was a hyperbolic curve shaped dependence to the data. Sigmoid behavior is indicative of cooperative phenomena in physicochemical systems. For the ECs this suggests that not at the steady state, but only early in the cell attachment process, does sue-... 

Establishment of the D-V axis in Drosophila requires the participation of several genes. As mentioned above, gurken affecfs follicle cells. These cells cooperate with the ovum to set up a concentration gradient of the maternal gene Dorsal, the protein encoded by the dorsal Dorsal is a transcription factor... 

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